HAL Portal Cnam (French National Conservatory for Arts and Crafts)
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VEI: A hybrid organization in the making
No full textInternational audienceThis article analyses how VEI, as a hybrid organization in the water supply sector, navigates through challenges and varying financing policies, development cooperation priorities, and the UN Development Goals (Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals) in its search for sustainable funding. This quest for adequate and sustainable funding prompted VEI to experiment with different approaches to intervene and collaborate with funders whose expectations may affect/alter the mechanisms to reach its social mission. These experiments gave way to pragmatism, revealing the strategic tension inherent in the organization's duality and a continuous need to reflect upon its identity. The article offers insights into the construction of a hybrid company that is successful in pursuing its social and environmental goals while mobilizing resources to sustain (and enlarge) its business. This pragmatic approach made VEI over the years a renowned and appreciated partner for many utilities thirsting for improved performance
Dynamics of COVID-19 crisis management in hospitals and its long-term effects: An analysis using organizational resilience
No full textInternational audienceThis empirical and qualitative study focuses on COVID-19 crisis management in a French hospital, analyzing it from the perspective of organizational resilience to understand its evolution over time. The study identifies adaptation factors during pandemic management, supported by success factors, and it also identifies difficulty factors associated with resilience. These factors are analyzed at the different waves of the pandemic to understand the evolution of organizational resilience across various crisis management temporalities. The results highlight how certain factors initially considered as resilience capabilities, evolve to become vulnerability factors of the sociotechnical system, in particular due to their impacts on healthcare personnel
Thermohydraulic assessment of mixing behaviors and entropy generation using pseudoplastic fluids in short microfluidic devices
No full textInternational audienceThermal mixing fluids in chaotic microdevices have significant importance in many potential applications and have enormous utility in thermal engineering processes. In microfluidic devices, The Two-Layer with Crossing Channels Micromixer (TLCCM) emphasized its efficiency in thermally homogenizing Newtonian fluids, which inspired us to investigate its performance using pseudoplastic fluids. A numerical comparative investigation has been carried out to evaluate the thermal mixing performances of pseudoplastic fluids in laminar steady flows using four chaotic microdevices: TLCCM, L, OH and OX. Quantitative validation of pseudoplastic fluids within a complex geometry, subject to constant heat flux, has been done. Navier-Stokes, the mass conservation, energy and species transport equations have been solved numerically employing CFD code. The pseudoplastic fluids consist of carboxymethyl cellulose solutions, which are characterized using the power-law model, the flow behavior index ranging from 0.75 to 1 and the generalized Reynolds number ranging from 0.2 to 70. To quantify the thermal mixing efficiency, the effects of the fluid behavior index, the generalized Reynolds number, on the thermal mixing degree for the proposed micromixers are presented, where high thermal mixing degrees have been obtained which evolve between 0.9 and 0.99. The entropy generation due to heat transfers and fluid pressure drops has been introduced versus the generalized Reynolds numbers for different fluid behavior indexes. The Bejan number values evolve close to 1. The probability density function PDF (%) at the TLCCM micromixer exit is localized in a narrow range that refers to the ideal temperature value for mixing, which is 315 Kelvin, whatever the fluid behavior index value
Le partage social des émotions chez 140 psychologues-psychothérapeutes français
No full textInternational audienceContextTherapists must manage high emotional demands due to the nature of their work. Emotional regulation is crucial not only for their personal well-being but also for the quality of the therapeutic relationship. Ineffective emotional regulation can compromise the therapeutic relationship and increase the risk of burnout. While many studies have explored emotional regulation by therapists during sessions, few have investigated how these emotions are managed outside of sessions, particularly through the social sharing of emotions (SSE) after an interaction with a patient. SSE allows people to express and share emotions with their social environment, which can help regulate negative emotions and strengthen social bonds.Materials and methodsThis study aims to explore the use of SSE among therapists. A sample of 140 French psychologists completed an online questionnaire on the characteristics of emotional sharing outside of therapy following emotions felt during a session. Participants were asked to recall a negative emotional event related to their therapeutic relationship with a patient. Then, they described the intensity and valence of the emotions experienced, and their use of SSE (sharing partner, frequency, and other modalities). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlations.ResultsIn total, 98.57% of participants engaged in SSE after emotionally charged events related to their practice, primarily on the same day as the event. The most frequent sharing partners were colleagues (62.3%) and life partners (55.1%), followed by peer therapists and supervisors. On average, SSE was initiated by the participants themselves and occurred shortly after the emotional event. The frequency of sharing was positively correlated with the intensity of the emotions felt (emotional intensity at the time of the event: tau = 0.245; p < 0.001 and emotional intensity at the time of the study: tau = 0.151; p = 0.026). However, there was no significant correlation with the timing of sharing or its exhaustiveness. Higher emotional intensity was associated with more frequent SSE, suggesting an increased need for sharing when facing intense emotions.ConclusionThe results show that therapists widely use SSE as an emotional regulation strategy, primarily with colleagues and life partners. This highlights the importance of this emotional regulation strategy in their professional practice. Sharing plays a crucial role in providing emotional support, strengthening professional bonds, and facilitating the management of difficult emotions. However, sharing can sometimes become repetitive and unresolved, leading to rumination. Furthermore, excessive sharing with close ones raises ethical and professional concerns, as well as emotional repercussions for the surrounding environment. It is essential to prioritize a professional setting for SSE to maximize its benefits while minimizing the risks of emotional overload and co-rumination. The study thus emphasizes the importance of promoting a professional environment that encourages the social sharing of emotions among colleagues or peers while avoiding excessive involvement of close ones. Future research should explore how to structure this sharing to maximize emotional and professional benefits while minimizing the risks of emotional overload and vicarious impact on close ones. Targeted interventions, such as regular supervision and peer support groups, could strengthen the emotional resilience of therapists, enhance their professional well-being, and, in turn, improve the quality of care offered to patients.ContexteLes psychologues-psychothérapeutes sont confrontés à des expériences émotionnelles variées au cours de leur pratique, plaçant ainsi la question de la régulation émotionnelle au cœur de leur vie professionnelle. Cette étude s’est intéressée à une stratégie de régulation émotionnelle spécifique qu’est le partage social des émotions. Elle visait à explorer son usage et ses caractéristiques dans un échantillon de psychologues-psychothérapeutes français.Matériels et méthodesLes participants ont rempli un auto-questionnaire en ligne, élaboré sur la base d’une sélection d’items provenant de recherches antérieures sur le partage social des émotions. Ils devaient se remémorer un événement émotionnel négatif lié à leur relation thérapeutique avec un patient, afin d’évaluer les caractéristiques du recours au partage social des émotions avec leur environnement social (conjoint, amis, collègues…).RésultatsLes données révèlent que 98,57 % des psychologues-psychothérapeutes interrogés ont partagé leurs émotions suite à une situation professionnelle, principalement le jour même, de manière répétée, avec des collègues de travail en premier lieu, suivis de leur conjoint. De plus, des corrélations significatives ont été observées entre l’intensité émotionnelle (IE) et la fréquence du PSE (IE initiale : tau = 0,245 ; p < 0,001 et IE actuelle : tau = 0,151 ; p = 0,026), mais aucune corrélation significative avec le délai ou l’exhaustivité du partage émotionnel.ConclusionLes psychothérapeutes ont recours au partage social des émotions en contexte professionnel de manière similaire à la population générale. Ceci souligne l’importance de cette stratégie de régulation émotionnelle au sein de leur pratique professionnelle. Bien que ce partage offre un soutien émotionnel et renforce les liens professionnels, il présente également des risques tels que la rumination et soulève des questions éthiques lorsqu’il implique des proches. Pour maximiser les bénéfices du PSE tout en limitant les risques, il est crucial de privilégier un cadre professionnel structuré, comme la supervision et les groupes de soutien entre collègues ou entre pairs, afin de favoriser le bien-être émotionnel des psychothérapeutes et améliorer la qualité des soins prodigués aux patients
Genetic Diversity and Spatiotemporal Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Guinea: A Meta-Analysis of Sequence Data (2020–2023)
No full textInternational audienceIn Guinea, genomic surveillance has been established to generate sequences of and to identify locally circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. This study aims to describe the distributions, genetic diversity, and origins of SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Guinea during the COVID-19 pandemic. A migration analysis was performed by selecting all sequences generated in Guinea for variants of concern and interest. From March 2020 to December 2023, 1038 sequences were generated in Guinea and submitted to the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database. Of these, 73.1% corresponded to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, which were further grouped into Omicron (69.4%), Delta (21.9%), Alpha (6.6%), and Eta (2.1%). Other variants accounted for 26.9% of the total. Among the total variants analyzed, 75 importations into Guinea from various countries worldwide were identified. Most of the importations (40%) originated from African countries, followed in significance by those from European countries (25.3%) and Asia (18.6%). A significant migratory flow was observed within Guinea. The genomic surveillance reported in this study revealed the diversity of SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in Guinea, emphasizing the importance of large-scale sequencing analyses in understanding the dynamics of the pandemic.En Guinée, une surveillance génomique a été mise en place pour générer des séquences et identifier les variantes du SARS-CoV-2 circulant localement. Cette étude vise à décrire les distributions, la diversité génétique et les origines des lignées de SARS-CoV-2 circulant en Guinée pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. Une analyse de migration a été réalisée en sélectionnant toutes les séquences générées en Guinée pour les variants préoccupants et intéressants. De mars 2020 à décembre 2023, 1038 séquences ont été générées en Guinée et soumises à la base de données GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data). Parmi ces séquences, 73,1 % correspondaient à des variants SARS-CoV-2 préoccupants, qui ont été regroupés en Omicron (69,4 %), Delta (21,9 %), Alpha (6,6 %) et Eta (2,1 %). Les autres variantes représentaient 26,9 % du total. Parmi l'ensemble des variantes analysées, 75 importations en Guinée en provenance de différents pays du monde ont été identifiées. La plupart des importations (40%) provenaient de pays africains, suivis par les pays européens (25,3%) et l'Asie (18,6%). Un flux migratoire important a été observé à l'intérieur de la Guinée. La surveillance génomique rapportée dans cette étude a révélé la diversité des variantes du SARS-CoV-2 circulant en Guinée, soulignant l'importance des analyses de séquençage à grande échelle pour comprendre la dynamique de la pandémie
De l'explicabilité à l'explication des IA : perspective située incarnée par et pour les métiers
No full textInternational audienceArtificial intelligence (AI) has made great strides, thanks in particular to machine learning algorithms, but the increasing complexity of models poses a problem of transparency. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has been proposed to make AI more transparent and foster its appropriation. Although numerous studies have identified challenges and avenues for research, these remain highly technocentric. This article is part of a thesis on the explicability and appropriation of artificial intelligence (AI) in professional and socio-domestic environments, focusing first on the professional environment. It aims to clarify the notion of explicability and provide a complementary, anthropocentric perspective to existing ones, based on an exploratory study in a professional context.L'intelligence artificielle (IA) a réalisé des progrès importants, notamment grâce aux algorithmes d'apprentissage automatique, mais l'augmentation de la complexité des modèles pose un problème de transparence. L'intelligence artificielle explicable (XAI) a été proposée pour rendre l'IA plus transparente et favoriser son appropriation. Bien que de nombreuses études aient identifié des défis et des pistes de recherche, celles-ci restent très technocentrées. Cet article s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une thèse sur l'explicabilité et l'appropriation de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) dans les environnements professionnels et socio-domestiques, en se concentrant d'abord sur le milieu professionnel. Il vise à clarifier la notion d'explicabilité et à apporter une perspective complémentaire et anthropocentrée aux perspectives existantes, en s'appuyant sur une étude exploratoire en contexte professionnel
Pactole
No full textA Coq library dedicated to formally verifying distributed protocols for mobile robot swarms. The library implements various extensions of the Look-Compute-Move model, first proposed by Suzuki and Yamashita, providing a robust framework for protocol verification in different theoretical settings
Extended Study of a Multi-Modal Loop Closure Detection Framework for SLAM Applications
No full textInternational audienceLoop Closure (LC) is a crucial task in Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for Autonomous Ground Vehicles (AGV). It is an active research area because it improves global localization efficiency. The consistency of the global map and the accuracy of the AGV's location in an unknown environment are highly correlated with the efficiency and robustness of Loop Closure Detection (LCD), especially when facing environmental changes or data unavailability. We propose to introduce multimodal complementary data to increase the algorithms' resilience. Various methods using different data sources have been proposed to achieve precise place recognition. However, integrating a multimodal loopclosure fusion process that combines multiple information sources within a SLAM system has been explored less. Additionally, existing multimodal place recognition techniques are often difficult to integrate into existing frameworks. In this paper, we propose a fusion scheme of multiple place recognition methods based on camera and LiDAR data for a robust multimodal LCD. The presented approach uses Similarity-Guided Particle Filtering (SGPF) to identify and verify candidates for loop closure. Based on the ORB-SLAM2 framework, the proposed method uses two perception sensors (camera and LiDAR) under two data representation models for each. Our experiments on both KITTI and a self-collected dataset show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of place recognition metrics or localization accuracy metrics. The proposed Multi-Modal Loop Closure (MMLC) framework enhances the robustness and accuracy of AGV's localization by fusing multiple sensor modalities, ensuring consistent performance across diverse environments. Its real-time operation and early loop closure detection enable timely trajectory corrections, reducing navigation errors and supporting cost-effective deployment with adaptable sensor configurations.</div
L'incrimination large du proxénétisme en France pose-t-elle problème ? Comment les professionnel•les du droit composent avec les paradoxes des infractions de proxénétisme pour les mettre en œuvre
No full textEn droit pénal français, le proxénétisme est défini de manière englobante et embrasse à la fois des comportements de soutien et des comportements de contrainte. Ainsi, la caractérisation du proxénétisme ne nécessite pas la matérialisation d’une contrainte ou d’un abus et ne prend pas en compte le consentement éventuel des personnes se prostituant. Il en résulte une incrimination large du proxénétisme dont l’étendue est objet de débats. Si les services enquêteurs et les magistrat∙es considèrent volontiers que cette définition facilite leur travail, ils et elles évoquent aussi qu’elle permet la criminalisation de la quasi-totalité des relations entretenues par les personnes se prostituant dans leur vie personnelle et dans le cadre de leur activité. Dès lors, la définition légale du proxénétisme pourrait avoir pour conséquence de participer à l’isolement, à la marginalisation, voire à la mise en danger des personnes qui vendent des prestations sexuelles, par exemple en compliquant l’obtention et la conservation d’un logement, en rendant impossible le travail collectif malgré ses avantages en termes de sécurité ou en constituant un frein dans le recours aux forces de l’ordre par peur de mise en cause des proches. Il existe par conséquent une tension entre, d’une part, les intérêts d’une définition large du proxénétisme dans le but de lutter efficacement contre la prostitution et, d’autre part le fait d’incriminer des actes qui pourraient réduire l’exposition des personnes se prostituant à certaines formes de violence, de contrainte et d’exploitation. Il convient alors de se demander comment les magistrat∙es et les services enquêteurs spécialisés composent avec les paradoxes et incohérences de l’incrimination de proxénétisme en droit français et déterminent qui sont les coupables et les victimes
Dimensions idéelle et vécue d'un dispositif de formation qui professionnalise à la recherche : une évaluation d'un parcours doctoral
No full textThe ‘ideal’ and ‘lived’ dimensions of a training programme that professionalizes to research:an evaluation of the doctoral school's programmeThe aim of this research is to understand whether there is a gap between an ‘ideal’ doctoralprogramme designed in a multidisciplinary doctoral school in the social and human sciencesin France and the programme ‘lived’ by the doctoral students who are learning to carry outresearch there. The design of the ‘ideal’ programme, i.e. underpinned by an epistemo-axiological logic of action (Albero,2018), is guided by the French doctoral decree of 2016. Togauge the gap between the ideal and the lived, which is underpinned by a logic of subjectiveand existential action (ibidem), a written questionnaire with open questions was administered to the doctoral school's apprentice researchers. A comprehensive analysis of the responses reveals the various ways in which the respondents (n=30) become professionalised in research, both inside and outside the institution, and shows a good convergence between the ideal and the lived programme.L’objet de cette recherche est de comprendre s’il existe un écart entre un dispositif doctoral «idéel », conçu dans une école doctorale (ED) pluridisciplinaire en sciences de l’homme et dela société (SHS) en France, et le dispositif « vécu » par les doctorant.e.s qui s'yprofessionnalisent à la recherche. Ce dispositif « idéel », sous-tendu par une logique d’actionépistémo-axiologique (Albero, 2018), est orienté par l’arrêté français sur le doctorat de 2016.Pour saisir un éventuel écart entre l'idéel et le vécu qui, lui, est sous-tendu par une logiqued’action subjective et existentielle (ibidem), un questionnaire en ligne, composé de questions ouvertes, a été envoyé aux doctorant.e.s de cette ED. L’analyse compréhensive des réponses donne à voir les diverses manières dont les répondant.e.s (n=30) se professionnalisent à la recherche, dans et hors de l'institution, et montre plutôt une bonne convergence entre l'idéel et le vécu