HAL Portal Cnam (French National Conservatory for Arts and Crafts)
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Losses in electrostatic actuation: a key challenge for electrocaloric cooling devices
No full textInternational audienceCooling plays a vital role in daily life, accounting for around 10% of global electricity consumption. Electrocaloric cooling is an emerging technology that offers a promising, energy-efficient alternative to traditional vapor compression technologies. The electrocaloric (EC) effect is a reversible temperature change triggered by the application or removal of an electric field. To achieve cooling, the EC material is alternately brought into contact with the hot and cold sides using electrostatic actuation (EA). However, EA currently entails significant losses caused by various interfacial and electrostatic effects. To study these detrimental effects, an experimental setup was built to characterize the electro-adhesion pressure (EAP) between the two films mimicking the EC device, with a focus on identifying the contribution of each loss component. Losses are characterized by comparing the maximum EAP before contact (actual force of EA) to the maximum post-contact EAP (losses of EA) under a DC voltage. Prior to this analysis, the triboelectric for PVDF was examined, and it was found to be a negligible contributor to losses. Results show that PVDF exhibits significantly higher losses than polypropylene (PP), while the similar pre-contact air gaps estimated for both materials confirm the theoretical model and validate the measurements. The contact adhesion forces have also been estimated, and unexpectedly, they are found to increase with applied voltage, confirming them as the primary loss mechanism in EA. This voltage-dependent behavior is attributed mainly to charge injection or diffusion bonding forces
Impacts modélisés du remplacement de la viande et des produits laitiers par des substituts végétaux sur le risque de carence nutritionnelle et de mortalité liée aux maladies chroniques : une étude de microsimulation chez des adultes français
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundMeat and dairy substitutes are gaining popularity, but their expected overall impact on health remains unclear.ObjectivesWe aimed to simulate the complete substitution of meat, milk, and dairy desserts with plant-based substitutes (PBSs) to assess the impact on nutrient deficiency risk and chronic disease–related mortality.MethodsUsing individual baseline dietary data from adults in the latest French national survey (N = 2121; INCA3), we simulated isoenergetic diets where all meat, milk, and dairy desserts were replaced by an equivalent amount of PBSs. We constructed average PBS profiles of varying nutritional quality (high, average, and low) based on the nutrient compositions of 96 PBSs and legumes. Intermediate scenarios (meat-only or dairy-only substitution) were also analyzed. Deficiency risk was assessed using the nutrient security of the diet (SecDiet) probabilistic system, and the number of deaths averted was projected using the Preventable Risk Integrated ModEl.ResultsOn average, PBS did not increase overall risk of deficiency (SecDiet score: 0.90 ± 0.11 to 0.91 ± 0.11, compared with 0.91 ± 0.11 in the observed diet). However, replacing meat and dairy products increased risk of riboflavin and vitamin B-12 deficiency. Using meat PBS—with reduced consumption of red and processed meat, increased fiber, and improved fatty acid intake—would be the most effective in reducing premature deaths from cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. However, meat PBS led to higher sodium intake, which would slightly offset these benefits. Overall, replacing meat and dairy with PBS would avert between 3721 (95% uncertainty interval: 2712, 4713) and 6671 (95% uncertainty interval: 5527, 7778) deaths from chronic diseases annually, depending on the quality of the PBS (nutrient content and energy density).ConclusionsAs modeled, full substitution of animal products with PBS can result in limited increases in deficiency risk, and decreases in chronic disease–related mortality, with meat replacement providing most of the benefits. Expected effects vary widely depending on the nutritional quality of the substitutes
Représentations de l'IA et de ses usages chez les acteurs du secteur naval de défense
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Approche non-supervisée pour la création d'un Référentiel Sémantique
No full textNational audienceThe exponential growth of digital information has exposed organizations tounprecedented challenges in managing and structuring their knowledge repositories. Theability to extract, organize, and use relevant information from large collections of documentshas become a critical factor for operational efficiency and informed decision-making.However, identifying necessary knowledge sources and building appropriate knowledge basesrepresents a cumbersome and time-consuming task. In this paper, we address thesechallenges by leveraging advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques andLarge Language Models (LLMs), to facilitate the creation and enrichment of vocabularies forknowledge management purposes. We explore the application of clustering techniquescombined with NLP-driven keyword extraction to support the construction of specializedvocabularies that address the multidisciplinary nature of the content at CSTB, a Frenchscientific research center specialized on buildings. We provide a detailed overview of theproposed approach, present the results of our experiments, and describe the human validationprocess used to evaluate these results.RESUME. Les organisations font face à des défis sans précédent en matière de gestion et de structuration de leurs connaissances. La capacité à extraire, organiser et utiliser des informations pertinentes à partir de vastes collections de documents est devenue un facteur clé pour l'efficacité opérationnelle et la prise de décision éclairée. Cependant, l'identification des sources de connaissances nécessaires et la construction de bases de connaissances appropriées représentent une tâche ardue et chronophage. Cet article aborde ces défis en exploitant des techniques de traitement du langage naturel (NLP) et des modèles de langage de grande taille (LLM), afin de faciliter la création et l'enrichissement de vocabulaires spécialisés à des fins de gestion des connaissances. Nous explorons l'application de techniques non supervisées de clustering combinées à l'extraction de mots-clés avec des techniques de NLP pour l'aide à la construction de vocabulaires spécialisés répondant à la nature multidisciplinaire du CSTB, centre de recherche scientifique français spécialisé dans le bâtiment. Nous détaillons ici l'approche proposée, les résultats de nos expérimentations au CSTB, ainsi que le processus de validation humaine utilisé pour évaluer ces résultats. Mots-clés : Extraction de mots-clés, clustering, identification du vocabulaire, construction basée sur les connaissances, gestion des connaissances. ABSTRACT. The exponential growth of digital information has exposed organizations to unprecedented challenges in managing and structuring their knowledge repositories. The ability to extract, organize, and use relevant information from large collections of documents has become a critical factor for operational efficiency and informed decision-making. However, identifying necessary knowledge sources and building appropriate knowledge bases represents a cumbersome and time-consuming task. In this paper, we address these challenges by leveraging advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques and Large Language Models (LLMs), to facilitate the creation and enrichment of vocabularies for knowledge management purposes. We explore the application of clustering techniques combined with NLP-driven keyword extraction to support the construction of specialized vocabularies that address the multidisciplinary nature of the content at CSTB, a French scientific research center specialized on buildings. We provide a detailed overview of the proposed approach, present the results of our experiments, and describe the human validation process used to evaluate these results.</div
Le paradoxe français des téléconsultations
No full textInternational audienceCe chapitre analyse le paradoxe français des téléconsultations, une innovation prometteuse pour améliorer l’accès, la qualité et l’efficience des soins, mais encore marginale dans les pratiques médicales. En dépit d’un cadre réglementaire établi et d’expérimentations encourageantes, les téléconsultations peinent à se généraliser, en raison de freins professionnels, organisationnels, institutionnels et socio-culturels. L’autrice examine les enjeux économiques, les limites méthodologiques de l’évaluation d’efficience, ainsi que les conditions d’intégration durable de cette modalité dans les parcours de soins. L’essor des téléconsultations en France requiert une politique de santé numérique structurée, accompagnée d’une gouvernance renforcée et d’une évaluation rigoureuse des usages et de leurs impacts
Tiers-lieux : quelles contributions à la santé sur les territoires ?
No full textInternational audienceCet article vise à éclairer le rôle des tiers-lieux en santé dans la redéfinition des relations entre les acteurs de la santé sur les territoires. Une revue de littérature met en évidence l'importance du lien social, du pouvoir d'agir et de l'ancrage territorial pour répondre aux besoins de santé des populations L'analyse des témoignages de douze co-fondateurs et gestionnaires de tiers-lieux spécialisés dans le champ de la santé permet ensuite de montrer comment ils s'emparent de ces concepts pour fédérer des communautés sur les territoires et améliorer l'accès à une santé globale
Le décrochage dans l'enseignement secondaire, supérieur et en formation : des déterminants individuels, sociaux et institutionnels aux dispositifs de prévention et remédiation
No full textSommaire :- Éditorial/Katia Terriot, Emmanuelle Vignoli and Lyda LannegrandPartie 1 - Définition conceptuelle du décrochage- Polysémie autour de la notion d'abandon dans l'enseignement supérieur : clarifications sémantiques/Vanessa Pleven, Jérôme Eneau and Hugues PentecouteauPartie 2 - Facteurs d'accrochage et de décrochage- Vécu de discriminations homophobes et intentions d'arrêt dans la formation professionnelle/Lavinia Gianettoni, Jérôme Blondé, Edith Guilley, Taïs Foretay and Dinah Gross- Perspective compréhensive du décrochage universitaire en lien avec les programmes investissements d'avenir (PIA) pour la prévention et la réparation/Carine Mira- Les effets des variables socio-démographiques et scolaires sur les parcours des étudiant·es en licence/Alice Constans, Raphaël Mizzi and Marie-Laure Barbier- De la rupture scolaire au retour aux études : l'expérience du diplôme d'accès aux études universitaires (DAEU)/ Sophie Kennel, Philippe Zimmermann and Jean-François PlateauPartie 3 - Dispositifs de prévention et de remédiation- Expérience scolaire et formation des intentions d'orientation des jeunes dans un dispositif éducatif de soutien à l'entrée en formation/Léonie Liechti- La prévention du décrochage universitaire dans le cadre de la loi ORE : quelles mises en œuvre des dispositifs de remédiation ?/Manon Hoareau and James Mas
ADRC-based cascade controller applied to Stacked Interleaved Buck Converter Powering a PEM Electrolyser: Comparison with backstepping method and PI compensator
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Retour sur le projet «Le regard des militants Quart Monde sur les scénarios Transition(s) 2050 de l’ADEME» : entretien croisé entre militantes et chercheuses en France
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Typology of out-of-home eaters: a description of sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental characteristics in the NutriNet-Santé cohort
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Background The out-of-home (OOH) food sector holds the potential to promote healthier and more sustainable diets on a large scale given the high number of people eating OOH regularly. However, information about socioeconomic and dietary characteristics of OOH eaters is limited. This study aimed to identify a typology of OOH consumers by frequency and type of meal consumed OOH and their associated sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional, and environmental characteristics. Methods Based on a sub-sample of adults of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort who completed a food frequency questionnaire and a questionnaire on OOH consumption habits in 2014 ( n = 29,140, mean age: 53.6 (SD = 14.0) years, 74.3% women), we conducted a Multiple Factor Analysis followed by a clustering procedure. AN(C)OVA models were then used to examine the associations between the identified clusters and socio-demographic, lifestyle, and diet-related characteristics (using dietary scores and environmental indicators including greenhouse gas emissions, land use and energy consumption). Results We identified five clusters based on their OOH consumption patterns: Weekday-only eaters (19%), Frequent weekday and weekend eaters (24%), Organic eaters (6%), Weekend and evening eaters (19%), and Home-only eaters (32%). Weekday-only eaters were younger, more likely to be professionally active and to have children at home than the other groups. Frequent weekday and weekend eaters , with the highest OOH consumption, had the lowest dietary quality and the highest diet-related environmental impacts and consisted mostly of younger women with higher socioeconomic status. Organic eaters , often living in urban areas and following specific diets such as vegan or vegetarian ones, had the best dietary quality and the lowest diet-related environmental impacts. Weekend and evening eaters and Home-only eaters had a higher proportion of retired individuals, with Weekend and evening eaters also showing a greater proportion of high-income individuals. Conclusions Our findings indicate a lower dietary quality and higher dietary environmental impacts among frequent OOH eaters, whereas those with higher organic consumption showed opposite trends. This study contributes to the understanding of different OOH consumer characteristics and could provide a basis for further research in the field. Trial registration The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03335644)