BioResources (E-Journal)
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Ionic Liquids as an Effective Medium for Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review
No full textThe efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production represents a significant challenge. As effective solvents, ionic liquids (ILs) have demonstrated considerable potential in laboratory-scale studies for the pretreatment of biomass, thereby enabling successful enzymatic saccharification. However, critical issues should be resolved, for instance, the remaining tolerance or activity of microorganisms or cellulase in the presence of ILs. This review aims to study the impact of ILs on microorganisms and cellulase during ILs-assisted biomass degradation, to investigate the interactions between ILs and microorganisms/enzymes, and to explore the feasible mechanism of ILs on enzymatic activity. This study emphasizes ILs-assisted enzymatic saccharification systems for the successful biomass degradation. Future research will focus on developing composite catalytic systems of ILs and microorganisms/enzymes and also the recycling and reusing of ionic liquids for industrial applications
Bioethanol Production from Red Banana Waste via Saccharomyces cerevisiae under Optimized Conditions
No full textRed banana waste (Musa acuminata) residue (leaves, pseudostems, banana peels, banana stalks, and flowers) was used to produce bioethanol via Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The banana waste was dried and pretreated individually with sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. Alkaline treatment increased the reducing sugar content more than acid hydrolysis. Bioethanol production from banana residue via enzyme saccharification and fermentation was performed via the filter paperase enzyme and fermentation via S. cerevisiae. The bioethanol production was temperature dependent. Maximum production was achieved at 36 °C (27.3 ± 0.3 g/L), after 96 h (30.4 ± 1.1 g/L), at a 7.5% substrate concentration (33.5 ± 0.91 g/L) and at pH 5.0 (36.2 ± 0.48 g/L). The maximum bioethanol production was achieved by the immobilized S. cerevisiae cells after 96 h of fermentation (39.8 ± 0.55 g/L). Moreover, at this stage, bioethanol production was 35.9 ± 0.51 g/L in S. cerevisiae-free fermentation. The bioethanol yield was 11% greater in the immobilized culture than in the free-cell fermentation after four days. Beyond its renewable energy role, bioethanol reduces fossil fuel emissions associated with neurological and developmental disabilities, a connection that will be evaluated in forthcoming research
Harvest Process Analysis and Damage Evaluation of Longitudinal Roller Type Corn Picker
No full textAiming at the problem of corn cob damage during the operation of a longitudinal-lying roller corn harvester, based on the method of mechanical modelling, it was determined that the factors leading to cob damage are the diameter of the picking roller, the gap between the two picking rollers, the height of the helical prongs and the rotational speed, and that the main force leading to cob damage is the effect of the camming prongs on the cob. The influence of the main operating parameters on the camber force on the cob was revealed using a one- factor analysis, and the strengths and weaknesses of the influence of the gap and roller speed and camber height on the cob force were analysed using a two-factor orthogonal analysis. This study proposes a method for evaluating losses using the minimum breaking force of corn kernels and the cracking force of corn cobs and stalks as the criteria. The correctness of the loss model was verified by the method of experimental comparison, and the error of the two methods was 0.5%, which verifies the correctness of the evaluation method
Elderly-Oriented Intelligent Wooden Sofas: Mapping Mental Models to Furniture Design
No full textWood-based furniture, which is valued for its durability and timeless elegance, remains popular among the elderly. Intelligent wooden sofas now transform traditional usage patterns through technological integration. This study explores elderly users’ needs and challenges in intelligent wooden sofa interaction. It examines user experience (UX) and user interface design (UI) trends for seniors in Intelligent furniture systems, followed by market analyses of existing wooden sofa designs and control apps. Quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were used to assess elderly preferences toward intelligent wooden furniture. Survey results were used to inform user personas based on wooden furniture habits, with affinity diagrams identifying material perception mental models. The study involved 116 elderly participants, and questionnaire data for 16 indicators were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 27, confirming a four-dimensional structure through factor analysis (KMO=0.869, p<0.01). Based on the results, key areas for software improvement were identified, including 'discoverability', 'usefulness of content', and 'aesthetics of the interface'. These findings are crucial for addressing user experience problems, correcting the product development direction, establishing a user-centric iterative path, and providing foundational insights for developing elderly-friendly intelligent wooden sofa designs
Fabrication of Poly(lactic acid) Microspheres with Various Micro-Structure by Microfluidic T-junction and Gelatin Pore-forming Agent
No full textMicroporous-structured Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) spheres were fabricated using a microfluidic shearing method. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) solution is used as the continuous phase, and an emulsion containing matrix materials (PLLA), stabilizer (polysorbate 80) and pore-forming agents (gelatin) dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) were emulsified to be dispersed phase for the generation of droplets, which were eventually transformed into microspheres. An ice water bath environment was shown to be necessary to produce stable microspheres. In addition, it was found that the mechanical stirring emulsification method was more conducive to microstructure construction than the ultrasonic emulsification. By regulating the amount of pore-forming agent (2.5 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7.5 wt% gelatin), three types of micro pores (small: 2.9±0.8 µm, middle: 46.9±14.9 µm, and large: 127.3±55.3 µm) on surface with different inner structure were obtained. Finally, it was demonstrated that the proposed method is general enough to prepare various other polymer microspheres such as PNAGA (Poly-N-acryloyl glycinamide) and PCL (Polycaprolactone)
Effect of Fibre Properties on the Structure, Strength, and Thermal Conductivity of Foam-Formed and Air-Laid Cellulosic Lightweight Fibrous Materials
No full textThe growing demand for sustainable materials is driving interest in cellulose fibres as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional insulation and cushioning materials, including expanded polystyrene (EPS), Extruded Polystyrene (XPS), and mineral wool, which pose environmental challenges. Foam forming has been extensively studied as a method for producing lightweight structures from cellulose fibres, but air-laying—a common nonwoven method—has been less explored. This study examines how wood fibre type and fibrillation level affect the structure, insulation, and strength of foam-formed and air-laid materials. A novel binding method is introduced for air-laying, involving post-laying water spraying to enhance bonding. Foam-formed materials had an average pore size of 300 to 600 μm with a wide distribution, including millimetre-scale pores; while air-laid materials had a smaller, more uniform pore size of 100 to 150 μm. Mechanical refining increased the pore size in foam-forming. Thermal conductivity decreased with decreasing fibre length, pore size, and increasing tortuosity of the fibre phase. The highest compression stress was achieved with refined chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP), and the best recovery with unrefined bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and mixtures of acacia and BSKP. The findings suggest that mixing short hardwood fibres with longer softwood fibres in foam-forming could enhance performance in thermal insulation applications.
Tribological Behavior of Variously Surface-treated X48CrMoV8-1-1 Tool Steel for Application on Chipping Knives in Wood-Chipping Machines
No full textThe aim of this work was to assess the suitability of selected methods of surface treatment on X48CrMoV8-1-1 tool steel for application on chipping knives in wood-chipping machines. Three material surface conditions of X48CrMoV8-1-1 tool steel were evaluated for their tribological scratching behavior. The first surface condition was related to the conventionally machined chipping knife from the manufacturer without surface treatment. The second condition involved plasma nitriding treatment, and the third was a PVD-coated surface with “CROSAL ® Plus” (AlCrN based) coating. Several complementary analyses were carried out, namely microstructural observations, nano-indentation measurements, and tribological scratch tests. From the scratch tests, friction coefficients depending on applied load were determined. The best nano-indentation results were obtained for the PVD-coated surface, namely 23.7 ± 1.6 GPa for nanohardness and 270.3 ± 19.0 GPa for elasticity modulus. The best results of tribological and scratching behavior were obtained for the plasma-nitrided surface, namely 0.34 ± 0.21 for coefficient of friction and 1.88 ´ 10-6 mm3/N.m for specific wear rate. Based on the obtained results of laboratory tests, it can be concluded that the plasma-nitrided surface of X48CrMoV8-1-1 tool steel can ensure its better tribological performance compared to other investigated material conditions
A Case Study on Sonic Heritage and Acoustic Profiling of the Bamboo Bass Guitar
No full textThe acoustic properties of a custom-built bamboo bass guitar (BBG) were examined in this study as a sustainable substitute for traditional wooden instruments. To evaluate tonal and harmonic behavior, the BBG which was made completely of bamboo components was contrasted with the Fender Jazz Bass '70s (FJB70s). While spectrograms from Adobe Audition offered visual insight into overtone distribution, frequency spectrum data were recorded using a PicoScope oscilloscope and subjected to Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. Although the BBG’s pitch and harmonic series matched those of the FJB70s, its timbre was noticeably different, with less radiation and more damping. Throughout the spectrum, its overtone amplitudes gradually decreased, while the FJB70s' harmonic presence remained increasingly distinct and steady. In the BBG signal, random partials that show up in between harmonic peaks indicate variations in structural resonance. These results lend credence to bamboo’s potential as an acoustic material for bass instruments, providing unique sound textures and encouraging environmental sustainability
Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid Application on Rooting and Vegetative Development in Hardwood Cuttings of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) Spach
No full textEffects of different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were studied relative to the rooting success, morphological development, and biomass characteristics of hardwood cuttings of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) Spach collected from Düzce, Türkiye. Using a factorial design involving two cutting thickness classes and six IBA concentrations, the rooting percentage, number of roots per rooted cutting, shoot length, shoot diameter, number of shoots, fresh and dry shoot weight, and fresh and dry root weights were analyzed. The interaction between IBA concentration and cutting thickness played an important role in the vegetative propagation of Pterocarya fraxinifolia cuttings, especially in terms of rooting success, morphological characteristics, and biomass development. In particular, 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm IBA treatments yielded the most balanced and effective results in terms of rooting, shoot and root development, and biomass production. Although the 8000-ppm dose increased shoot biomass, it suppressed root development, indicating a potential phytotoxic effect at high concentrations. Principal component analysis also supported these findings and showed that 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm IBA doses provided homogeneous and healthy development. The results obtained emphasize that the optimal IBA dose should be carefully selected for the sustainable vegetative propagation; especially applications in the range of 1000 to 2000 ppm can provide important contributions to the propagation and conservation of the species
How Can Regional Cultural Symbols be Integrated into Public Seating Design? An Innovative Exploration Using Marbled Porcelain Patterns as an Example
No full textA systematic approach was used to explore integrating regional cultural elements into public seating design, aiming to enhance the synergy between cultural heritage and contemporary aesthetics. Drawing inspiration from marbled porcelain from Dangyangyu, Henan Province, the study extracted core visual motifs and incorporated them into conceptual seating designs. The FKANO model was employed to identify and translate user needs into concrete design criteria, while the DEMATEL method was used to analyze causal relationships among these criteria to determine their relative importance. Based on these insights, three design proposals were developed. The TOPSIS was then applied to evaluate and optimize the alternatives. The optimal design is subsequently validated by expert evaluation, with an emphasis on environmental sustainability and ergonomic performance. The findings contribute a structured methodology for transforming regional culture into modern design language and provide a robust, evidence-based framework for evaluating public seating in urban environments, offering both theoretical and practical value