BioResources (E-Journal)
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Classification of Leguminous Wood Species Based on Small Sample Hyperspectral Images
No full textLeguminous wood occupies an important position in the market of cultural and high-end wood. Accurate identification and classification of its species is crucial for the development of the industry. However, existing studies are still deficient in classification methods under small sample conditions. This paper uses hyperspectral image data and combines models such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), and one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1-CNN). The synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) data enhancement technology was introduced to classify and recognize 18 common legume woods. After data processing, the classification accuracy of the traditional models was improved by about 5% on average, with the SVM model reaching 98.86%; the accuracy of the 1-CNN model was increased to 97.67% after adding the first-order derivative transform and Savitzky-Golay filtering, it reached 98.89% after further adding the SMOTE
Estimation of Longitudinal and Transverse Elastic Moduli of Native Brazilian Woods by Static Bending Tests
No full textWood plays an essential role in civil construction due to its structural and sustainable properties. The longitudinal (E) and the transverse (G) modulus of elasticity are crucial for designing beams under bending, where combined deformations occur due to normal and shear stresses. However, the estimation of G for native Brazilian species still lacks standardized experimental procedures, with the simplified normative relation G = E/16 being commonly adopted. This study aims to estimate both E and G based on the Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories through three-point and four-point static bending tests. Four native Brazilian species and five ratios between the length and height of the cross-section (L/h) were analyzed. The results showed that, for L/h ratios below 18, the apparent modulus of elasticity was significantly affected by shear effects, exhibiting reductions of up to 18.47%. The E/G ratio ranged from 14.84 to 21.15, corresponding to a reduction of up to 7% and an increase of up to 32%, respectively, about the value proposed by ABNT NBR 7190-1 (2022). These results highlight the importance of considering specimen proportions and shear effects in the estimation of wood elasticity moduli obtained from bending tests
Fusion of Rough Set Theory, Genetic Algorithm-Backpropagation Neural Networks and Shapley Additive Explanations for the Design of Bamboo Furniture
No full textIn today's competitive market, meeting consumers' satisfaction and emotional needs is crucial for business success. However, the cognitive gap between designers and consumers often hinders market recognition for bamboo furniture. Therefore, a research framework based on Kansei Engineering (KE) is proposed in this study. First, the emotional needs and related samples were collected, and the sample form was deconstructed systematically. Then, the attribute reduction algorithm in rough set theory was used to extract the key emotional needs that have significant impact on consumer satisfaction. Finally, an intelligent mapping model between product components and emotional needs was constructed using Genetic Algorithm-Backpropagation Neural Networks (GA-BPNN), which predicts the optimal product design parameters that meet users' emotional needs. Additionally, we conducted an interpretative analysis of the prediction model using the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) method. The evaluation results were significantly higher than the average, validating the advanced and effective nature of the method proposed in this study. Compared with previous KE studies, the GA-BPNN model proposed in this study has better prediction efficiency and higher precision, which can more effectively solve the cognitive differences between designers and consumers. Thus, the development efficiency and decision-making accuracy of enterprises’ product design has been improved
Free Drying Shrinkage of Wood: A Review
No full textThe free drying shrinkage of wood is critical for dimensional stability and industrial applications. This study reviews the influencing factors (drying parameters, environmental conditions, and anatomical structures) and summarizes evaluation indexes and measurement methods. However, current research exhibits significant limitations. Systematic comparisons of free drying shrinkage between softwoods and hardwoods have been lacking, and the mechanism by which internal moisture variations affect shrinkage have remained unclear. Furthermore, existing techniques have failed to simultaneously measure moisture content changes and shrinkage with high accuracy. To address these gaps, future studies should: 1) investigate species-specific free drying shrinkage conditions; 2) elucidate moisture-induced shrinkage mechanisms from macro- and micro-scale perspectives; and 3) develop high-resolution methods for synchronous measurements. Further industrial applications of these findings could optimize wood drying processes and advance wood science and processing technologies
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Glued Cross-Laminated Timber Beams Produced with Different Wood Species and Glues
No full textFive-layer cross-laminated timber (CLT) beams made from 17-mm thick lumber pieces were produced using wood from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Uludağ fir (Abies bornmüelleriana Mattf.), and oak (Quercus petraea L.). The outer layers consisted of Scots pine and oak, while the intermediate layers included Scots pine and fir wood. During the layer formation phase in the side-by-side joining press and in the CLT beam formation phase with layers stacked at 90°, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and polyurethane (PUR) adhesives were used. After conditioning the CLT beams at 20 °C and 65% relative humidity, their dry density values and results from a four-point bending test perpendicular to the adhesive line, including max load, displacement at max load, stiffness, max displacement, and energy dissipation capacity, were evaluated and compared with those obtained using ABAQUS finite element software. The results revealed that timber species, adhesive type, and perforation significantly influenced the mechanical behavior of CLT beams, with oak-based specimens generally outperforming fir and pine in load-bearing capacity. The findings contribute valuable insights into the optimization of CLT beam design for structural applications
Preparation and Functional Properties of Hydroxy-propylated Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Starch
No full textSweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is an underutilized tuber in Nigerian industries. Its starch has diverse culinary and non-food applications. In this study, locally sourced sweet potato starch was isolated and hydroxypropylated using propylene oxide. The percentage of hydroxypropyl groups added and the degree of substitution were determined. Functional groups and morphological characteristics of both native and modified starches were analyzed using FT-IR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Functional and pasting properties were also examined. The degree of substitution and hydroxypropyl content fell within acceptable food application limits. SEM showed that granule structure remained intact after surface modification. Hydroxypropylated starches exhibited higher swelling and solubility than native starch from 50 to 90 °C. Both properties increased with greater molar substitution. Hydroxypropylation reduced storage turbidity and syneresis. Peak viscosity increased, while pasting and peak temperatures decreased after modification. Hydroxypropylated starches also had lower setback values. These results indicate enhanced functional properties in modified starch. The modified starch showed industrial potential for use in confectioneries, salad cream, mayonnaise, as well as in roles such as texturizers, thickeners, stabilizers, fillers, flavor carriers, and ingredients in beverages and bakery products, all with energy-efficient processing advantages
Research on the Design Elements of Air Pressure Massage Cushion for Expanding the Elderly-Friendly Functions of Furniture
No full textThe use of aging aids can be used in conjunction with existing furniture to expand the aging function of the furniture, so that the furniture better meets the needs of the elderly. Pneumatic massage is a kind of massage technology that realises the massage function by inflating and deflating the airbag. Compared with mechanical massage, it has the advantages of simple structure, soft force, safety and reliability, and it is especially suitable for the application of old age recreation products. In order to accurately match the needs of the elderly for pneumatic massage products and develop suitable pneumatic massage cushion products, this paper constructs a research framework of user needs-user behaviour-design elements based on the joint AHP-AEIOU-QFD model, which clarifies the user needs and core design elements of the ageing pneumatic massage cushion and provides an important basis for product development. Firstly, the AHP method was used to construct the user requirements model, which clarified that safety and core functions are the core primary needs of the elderly, and structural rationality and pneumatic massage function are the core secondary needs of the elderly. Further, the QFD method converts the user requirements into technical parameters and analyses them and clarifies the modular airbag and support structure design as the core design elements of the age-friendly pneumatic massage cushion products. Finally, the JACK simulation platform is used to conduct comparative experiments on the design parts of the products, and the simulation data verifies the feasibility of the optimised products. The results of this paper have an important role in guiding the design and development of ageing massage cushion products
The Emerging Role of Biomass in Complementing a Renewable Energy Portfolio: A Review
No full textPlant materials throughout the world, i.e. biomass, can provide annually roughly 18 x 1015 Watt-hours (6.5 x 1013 MJ) of energy, considering just the residues from agriculture and forestry. However, at least part of that amount has higher-valued uses, including being made into durable products, thereby keeping their carbon content from contributing to global warming. This review considers circumstances under which it may be advantageous to use biomass resources, either alone or in combination with other renewable energy technologies – such as solar and wind energy – to meet society’s energy needs, especially for electricity, heating, and transportation. There is a rapidly expanding pool of published research in this area. To slow climate change, rapid maturation of the most promising technologies is needed, followed by their widespread and early implementation. Of particular interest are synergistic combinations of technologies, including the use of solar energy and biomass together in such a way as to provide hydrogen, heating, and electricity. Another need is to use biomass to make high-energy-density liquid fuels, including aviation fuels, diesel, and naphtha. Although some proposed schemes are complicated, biomass is expected to be gradually implemented as a growing component of installed renewable energy capacity in the coming years
Sodium Silicate, Potassium Silicate, and Copper Sulfate’s Effectiveness In Vitro and In Silico against the Wood-decaying Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium
No full textWood modification via silicon ingredients was investigated to increase its resistance to biological decay. Surfactant and desiccant features of derived products of silicates are considered the main contributors in wood resistance to decay. The detected fungus from decayed wood sample was identified as Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Inhibitory tests showed that sodium silicate (SS) was more effective than potassium silicate (PS) and copper sulfate (CS) against P. chrysosporium growth. The weight loss of infected wood with P. chrysosporium without treatment was 32.2%, while treatment by SS, PS, and CS reduced weight loss to 4.3%, 11.5%, and 14.3%, respectively, over 40 days. To ducument the effect of SS, PS, and CS on P. chrysosporium, molecular docking was used to evaluate the binding interactions of these compounds with the active site (Lignin peroxidase) of P. chrysosporium (PDB ID: 1QPA). Binding affinities were determined via docking scores, conformational energies, placement energies, and refinement parameters evaluation. SS exhibited the strongest docking scores (S = -6.17 to -5.83) and favorable interactions, including metal coordination and hydrogen bonding. PS and CS showed moderate to weak binding, with distinct interaction patterns. These computational results highlight SS as a potential candidate for further experimental validation in targeting the 1QPA protein
Mitigation of Methanogenesis in Ruminants Using Wheatgrass Compounds as Methyl Coenzyme M Reductase Inhibitors: An In Silico Study
No full textRuminants are significant contributors to methane (CH4) emissions due to methanogenesis by their gut microbiomes. The enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is crucial for this process in rumen archaea. Targeting MCR via computational tools has emerged as a novel approach to reduce CH4 emissions in ruminants by inhibiting methanogenesis. This study focused on evaluating wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) compounds as potential MCR inhibitors using in silico methods. Initially, 21 wheatgrass compounds were selected, and their drug-likeness traits were assessed using Lipinski’s rule of five. Five compounds, namely 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-phenylenediamine, Caryophyllene oxide, Caryophyllene, N,N-tetramethylene-.alpha.-(aminomethylene) glutaconic anhydride, and n-hexadecanoic acid met all criteria. These compounds were further analysed for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties using the Swiss ADME tool, confirming their drug-likeness traits with no Lipinski’s violation. Molecular docking analysis was performed using the CB-Dock2 tool to assess binding interactions with MCR. The compounds showed binding affinities in the following order: N,N-tetramethylene-.alpha.-(aminomethylene) glutaconic anhydride (-7.3 kcal/mol) > Caryophyllene (-6.8 kcal/mol) > Caryophyllene oxide (-6.7 kcal/mol) > n-hexadecanoic acid (-6.3 kcal/mol) > 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-phenylenediamine (-6.0 kcal/mol). These findings suggest that the selected wheatgrass compounds have potential as anti-methanogenic agents, positioning them as promising MCR inhibitors for mitigating CH4 emissions in ruminants