BioResources (E-Journal)
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Ultraviolet Radiation Effect on Chemical Profile of Sage Oil and its Inhibitor Capacity for Butyrylcholinesterase, α-Amylase, Protein Denaturation, Cancer and Pathogenic Yeasts
No full textSage oil plays a vital role in various fields, including health and food. The effects of UV radiation (UVR) can increase the bioactive content of medicinal plants, but there has been little research on how this affects sage oil. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of UVR on the sage oil phytoconstituents and its biological activity. GC-MS analysis detected 20, 23, and 25 different compounds in sage un-exposed and exposed to UVR for 30 and 60 min, respectively. Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata were suppressed with inhibition zones 21.62 ± 1.22, 16.20 ± 1.23, and 8.20 ± 0.66 mm by sage oil, while the exposed sage oil to UVR for 60 min exhibited 26.50 ± 1.33, 21.43 ± 2.12, and 20.25 ± 0.50 mm inhibition zone, respectively. The required IC50 to inhibit butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, and protein denaturation was 95.3, 14.9, and 10.7 µg/mL in sage oil that was not exposed to UVR, and 35.1, 7.1, and 7.1 µg/mL in exposed sage oil to UVR for 60 min, respectively. There were negligible effects between the unexposed and exposed sage oil to UVR for 30 and 60 min against Hela cells with IC50 193.19 ± 0.98, 149.71 ± 0.18, and 148.19 ± 0.66 µg/mL, respectively
Mechanical Properties of Composites Reinforced with Recycled Paper and Pine Needles Using Polymer Matrices Containing 50 to 70% Dammar Resin
No full textThe main objective of this study was to manufacture and test environmentally friendly composite materials using biomass residues as reinforcement: pine needles and recovered paper. A mixed matrix was also used, with natural dammar resin as the predominant component, in order to favor the eco-friendly nature of the resulting material. The manufacturing process employed was the lay-up hand technique. Another objective was to investigate how dammar resin influences the mechanical properties as its mass percentage increases in the mixed resin composition. To investigate the influence of dammar resin on the mechanical properties of the composites, additional materials were fabricated for comparison, using the same reinforcements but with two types of synthetic matrices: epoxy and acrylic. The samples were tested for tensile strength, compression, bending, Shore D hardness, and vibrations.The results indicated that as the percentage of dammar in the matrix increased, a decrease in the strength and rigidity of the material occurred, accompanied by an increase in elasticity and ductility. Water absorption tests showed that the saturation process occurred much faster, as pine needles tend not to absorb a significant amount of water due to the presence of lignin, wax, resins, and pectin, which act as a natural water-repellent barrier
Effects of Different Biochars on Cd Immobilization in Rice Paddy Soil: A Two-year Field Study
No full textThis study addressed the efficiency of different biochars in Cd immobilization in soil. An acidic sandy loam paddy contaminated with Cd was selected for the field trial, which was continued for three rice-growing seasons. Rice straw biochar (BR), wheat straw biochar (BW), and maize straw biochar (BM) were pyrolysed as pellets at 450 °C and applied at 0 t/ha (BC0), 10 t/ha (BR1/BW1/BM1), and 20 t/ha (BR2/BW2/BM2). Compared to BC0, BR and BW were more effective in decreasing Cd accumulation in rice grains, and BR2 achieved the highest reduction, averaging 43.4% over three rice seasons. The Cd contents in rice roots with BR2 treatment decreased by 15.2 to 55.3% compared with BC0. The bioconcentration factors for grains (BCFGrain), shoots (BCFShoot), and (BCFRoot) of BR2 treatment were averagely decreased by 53.3%, 27.4%, and 19.0% over BC0, respectively. There was a negative correlation between soil CaCl2-Cd and soil pH. FTIR analysis demonstrated that Cd complexed with SiO2 on aged BR2 particles. During the natural aging process, BR2 significantly and sustainably inhibited rice uptake Cd through co-deposition. Therefore, the BR was judged to be an effective soil amendment with high Si content and alkalinity for Cd immobilization in paddy soil
Variations in Cu, Co, Cr, Cd, and Pb Concentrations Based on Soil Depth, Plant Species, and Plant Organs at Copper Mining Sites
No full textVariations in Cu, Co, Cr, Cd, and Pb concentrations were evaluated in soil and plant organs at a copper mining site. Soil and plant samples (leaf, bark, wood, and root) were taken from different soil depths in the spoil area, the rehabilitation area where Pinus nigra Arnold., Pinus sylvestris L., and Robinia pseudoacacia L. species were planted, and the forest area. It was found that Cr and Cd concentrations in soils and Cu concentration in spoil areas were largely below the detectable limits. However, the concentration of these elements in plants was quite high. The highest concentrations were generally obtained in Pinus nigra. Except for Cr, the highest mean values were obtained in Pinus nigra. The highest translocation factor (TF) values calculated in the same way were also obtained in Pinus nigra and it was determined that the TF value was up to 6.739. The study results also show that Pinus nigra is a suitable species that can be used to reduce the pollution of the heavy metals subject to the study
Weatherability of ACQ-D Treated Wood Modified with Nano-SiO2 and Emulsified Wax after One-year Outdoor Exposure
No full textSouthern pine samples were vacuum-pressure impregnated with nano-SiO2 with Nano-SiO2 based on different specific surface areas (60, 150, 200, 380m2.g-1) and impregnated with alkaline copper quat type D (ACQ-D) preservatives or ACQ-D preservatives modified with emulsified wax. The treated wood was exposed outdoors for one year. The effects of emulsified wax and different conditions of nano-SiO2 on the color change, wettability, and thermal stability of the treated wood were evaluated by colorimeter, contact angle tester, and thermogravimetry (TG). The results showed that nano-SiO2 modification was helpful to keep the surface color stable for ACQ-D treated wood, while the effect of emulsified wax and the specific area of nano-SiO2 on the color stability was slight. The static contact angles were increased after outdoor exposure with nano-SiO2 and/or emulsified wax because of the reduction of the free hydroxyl groups, especially for nano-SiO2 with smaller specific surface area. The thermal stability of ACQ-D treated wood could be increased to different degrees depending on the type of nano-SiO2 and whether emulsified wax were present in the treated wood, although the emulsified wax only played an auxiliary effect on the thermal stability of the treated wood
Predictive Modeling of the Softness of Facial Tissue Products: A Spectral Analysis Approach
No full textSoftness is a critical yet subjective characteristic of hygiene paper products such as facial tissues. In this study, softness values were obtained from the authors’ previous research using the Interval Scale Value (ISV) method, involving panelists’ round-robin pairwise comparisons. A machine-learning approach was developed to predict softness from one-dimensional power spectral density (1D-PSD) spectra of surface roughness profiles. Using seven commercial samples and an optimized multilayer perceptron model, a achieved high predictive performance (R² = 0.860) was achieved without additional measurements such as tensile modulus or surface friction. This work highlights the potential of combining spectral analysis and machine learning for objective softness evaluation
Determination of Gloss in Decorative Coated Wood-based Composite Boards by Image Processing Method
No full textUltraviolet (UV)-cured coating and water transfer printing (WTP) are popular organic coating techniques offering aesthetic and functional benefits for wood-based panels. This study considered the gloss change of medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels, which were coated with WTP and UV printing processes. Image processing was used before and after being exposed to some domestic cleaning agents. A carbon fiber-patterned organic finish was applied to the surfaces of the prepared sample panels followed by scrub-testing with various domestic cleaning agents in compliance with Turkish Standards (TS) EN ISO 11998. The image processing based scrubbing tester (IPBST) developed in this study was used for the scrubbing process. Digital images of the samples were captured before and after the scrubbing process, and the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) color model was converted to the Hue-Saturation-Intensity (HSI) model for analysis. The I-channel in the HSI system was used to calculate the average gloss values, which were compared to results from the BYK-Gardner Spectro-Guide 45/0 device. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a robust and statistically significant correlation of 0.71. As a result, the image analysis-based gloss evaluation method has been shown to enable a more comprehensive evaluation of surface quality by providing fast, non-contact, and detailed analysis
Device to Prevent Tip-Over of Indoor Furniture
No full textThis study proposes an innovative product design to enhance the safety of indoor furniture. Currently, furniture presents safety concerns due to various factors such as improper placement, excessive loads, and environmental influences. The most prominent of these safety issues is furniture tip-over. Therefore, product designs aimed at preventing tip-over have been developed to ensure safety in indoor environments and avert potential accidents. In the initial phase of the study, the factors contributing to tip-over in a standard cabinet were investigated: the height of force application, leg diameter, leg length, leg’s position on the bottom panel, and the furniture's load status. In the second phase, designs to prevent tip-over were developed. Following prototype production stages, the developed product was mounted on the cabinet, and experiments incorporating product variables and other variations were conducted. The results indicate that the effectiveness of the developed tip-over prevention product varies depending on usage, with its impact on preventing tip-over ranging between 17.5% and 54.3%. These findings suggest that the designed product can significantly enhance indoor safety and offers a potential alternative solution for preventing furniture tip-over
Effect of Wood Fillers on Strength and Biodegradation of Caustic Magnesite
No full textDuring their usage, caustic magnesite composites are susceptible to aggressive microbial action. This paper investigated the resistance of wood-filled caustic magnesite composites in a standard filamentous fungi medium. Caustic magnesite composites based on caustic magnesite, filled with wood sawdust from lime, ash, pine, and aspen trees were studied. The compositions were cured using magnesium chloride. The findings showed that composites filled with fine-fraction wood powders exhibited improved strength and resistance properties of caustic magnesite. If this requirement is met, then optimal conditions are created for the formation of an improved matrix in composites with filler and film phase. Tests in the standard medium showed that wood-filled caustic magnesite composites were fungistatic, but not fungicidal. This means that in case of external contamination, wood-filled caustic magnesite composites are susceptible to biodegradation. Tests demonstrated that exposure to the standard fungal medium resulted in an increased mass content and decreased strength of the samples
Fire Safety Performance of Radiata Pine-magnesium-laminated (RML) Board for Building Material
No full textIn this study, the Radiata pine-magnesium-laminated (RML) board was proposed to develop wood materials with flame retardancy. The 45° flammability test, cone calorimeter test, gas toxicity test, single burning item (SBI) test, and Steiner tunnel test were performed to confirm the flame-retardant performance of RML. For RML with 80 to 150 g/m2 of flame retardant applied, the carbonized area in the flammability test was 44.3 to 35.0 cm2; in the cone calorimeter test, the total heat release (THR) was 5.4 to 6.2 MJ/m2, and the time to stopped behavior of white lab mice was 857s, which surpasses the standard for semi-noncombustible materials in Korea. The RML was Class A2 based on EN 13823 (2020) in the SBI test and Class A based on ASTM E84-21a (2022) in the Steiner tunnel test. In conclusion, RML showed excellent flame-retardant performance. The thin wood veneer absorbs the flame retardant easily, and the magnesium board is a semi-noncombustible material. Accordingly, it was confirmed that an RML board could be a commercial wood-based building material with satisfactory flame retardancy