BioResources (E-Journal)
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Utilization of Bacterial Enzymes for Cellulose and Hemicelluloses Degradations: Medical and Industrial Benefits
No full textCellulose and hemicellulose, which are essential structural components of plant cell walls, are key renewable resources for various biotechnological applications. Bacterial enzymes can degrade these polysaccharides and have emerged as efficient, eco-friendly alternatives to chemical methods, offering significant advantages in industrial processes and medical therapies. This review explores bacterial enzymes, such as cellulases and hemicellulases, which break down cellulose and hemicellulose—two major components of plant cell walls—and their mechanisms of action in both industrial and medical applications. These enzymes offer an eco-friendly alternative to chemical processes, contributing significantly to sustainability by reducing chemical usage and improving biofuel yields. Beyond industrial applications, bacterial enzymes contribute to medical innovations such as targeted drug delivery systems and wound healing, with potential for treating chronic diseases like diabetes and inflammatory bowel disorders. These are currently being tested in clinical settings to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Advances in synthetic biology, which involves designing new biological parts and systems, enzyme engineering, the modification of enzymes to improve their function, and microbial consortia design have further enhanced the efficiency and versatility of these enzymes, making them indispensable in modern biotechnology. Future research focusing on optimizing enzyme stability, catalytic efficiency, and substrate specificity will drive innovations in both industrial sustainability and transformative medical applications
Analysis of Key Factors Affecting Microbial Proliferation During the Solid-State Fermentation of Corn Husk-based Protein
No full textCorn husk, a significant by-product of the corn deep-processing industry, is currently utilized as coarse feed, yielding very low economic benefits while consuming high amounts of energy and water. This study focused on the high-value utilization of corn husk resources. A two-step enzymatic hydrolysis and combined microbial fermentation was adopted to produce corn husk microbial protein feed. The true protein content was increased by 103% through yeast proliferation. To explore the key driving factors affecting yeast proliferation, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was adopted to analyze the succession of yeast communities during the fermentation of corn husks. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and variance inflation factor (VIF) were applied to examine the relationship between physicochemical factors and yeast microbial community. The results revealed that, in terms of fermentation time, the uppermost driving factors influencing yeast abundance is moisture content; in terms of contribution, both cellulose content and moisture content serve as the most significant driving factors for yeast proliferation. This research revealed that microbial-enzyme synergy can significantly increase the true protein content of feed, and the key driving factors identified further provide theoretical references for the controllable yeast fermentation
Advances in Nanocellulose-Based Composites for Sustainable Food Packaging
No full textNanocellulose, a sustainable and versatile nanomaterial derived from abundant natural resources such as plants and bacteria, has emerged as a promising candidate for advancing eco-friendly food packaging. This review summarizes recent advancements in nanocellulose composites, focusing on their preparation methods, enhanced mechanical and barrier properties, applications in food preservation, safety profiles, and biodegradability. Nanocellulose composites, synthesized via techniques such as solution casting, melt intercalation, layer-by-layer self-assembly, in situ polymerization, coating, and ring-opening polymerization, can exhibit exceptional mechanical strength, oxygen and moisture barrier performance, as well as compatibility with active agents such as antioxidants and antimicrobials. Studies highlight the role of nanocellulose in reducing polymer composite permeability while maintaining biodegradability. Despite these advantages, challenges such as high production costs, energy-intensive methods (e.g., sulfuric acid hydrolysis), and hydrophilic limitations hinder industrial scalability. Emerging strategies, including enzymatic processing and surface modifications (acetylation, oxidation), offer pathways to enhance hydrophobicity, dispersion, and thermal stability. Future research should prioritize scalable, low-cost production technologies and expanded applications in smart and active packaging systems. By addressing these challenges, nanocellulose composites hold significant potential to revolutionize sustainable packaging, aligning with global demands for reduced environmental impact and enhanced food security
Effect of Glass Fiber Reinforcement on Mechanical Properties of Wood Material
No full textIncreasing the mechanical strength of wooden materials with glass fiber fabric reinforcement and composite elements can be a very suitable method for restoration and strengthening techniques in historical wooden structures. In this study, the effects of fiber-reinforced laminated wood composites were examined with respect to bending strength and modulus of elasticity in bending. Experimentally, 0°/90° woven glass fiber fabrics with areal weights of 200, 300, and 400 g/m² were bonded using epoxy resin to the longitudinal surfaces of two different wood species (Scots pine and Turkish beech). An evaluation of the bending properties of these wooden sandwich structures revealed that the incorporation of glass fiber fabric reinforcement led to a significant enhancement in their bending strength. In addition, a significant improvement was achieved in the modulus of elasticity. It was observed that glass fiber fabric, especially the 400 g/m² weight options, increased the durability of wood materials more. As a result, the bending strength of wood materials can be significantly increased with glass fiber fabric reinforcement. This method can be considered a promising reinforcement technique, particularly in the fields of engineering and construction. However, in the context of historical restoration, the use of external reinforcement must be approached with caution due to conservation principles such as material authenticity, reversibility, and minimal intervention
Wood - An Inestimable Valuable Good in the Traditional Romanian Household
No full textObjects made of wood form one of the most important chapters of the heritage of civilization, culture, and traditional popular art of woodcraft among the Romanian people, encompassing creations that continue to develop this millennia-old legacy. Popular art in wood is, undoubtedly, an organic art. It is deeply connected to work and life in which various objects seamlessly blend utility with beauty in the most natural way possible, fully addressing this dual necessity. Wood art is not just a craft of shapes and motifs; it reveals, in specific stylistic structures, a genuine thought and conception of the world and life
Investigation of Joining Performance and Microstructural Mechanisms of Softwood and Hardwood Dowel Joints via Rotary Friction Welding
No full textRotary friction welding of wood typically uses dowels made from the same material as the base wood or involves specific modifications to the dowels, but these methods have practical limitations and are complex. This study focused on commonly used dowel materials (softwood: Scots pine, hardwood: birch), with moisture content adjusted to 7 to 10%, and examined the welding performance and micro-mechanisms. Through orthogonal experiments, the influence of process parameters on the welding strength of both wood types was systematically investigated. The microstructures of the welded areas were analyzed using a depth-of-field microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to explore the friction mechanisms. The results indicated that both Scots pine and birch dowels can be effectively welded using rotary friction. The optimal parameters were identified as follows: Scots pine dowels—hole diameter ratio of 8/12, rotational speed of 3000 r/min, feed rate of 25 mm/s; birch dowels—hole diameter ratio of 8/12, rotational speed of 2500 r/min, feed rate of 20 mm/s. Depth-of-field microscopy revealed larger weld areas and well-preserved surface structures. SEM images showed that during welding, the materials between the dowels and base wood melted, flowed, and re-solidified into a tightly bonded structure, ensuring a durable connection
Effects of Reinforcement by Both Waste Glass and Barley Straw on Water Resistance, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Polyethylene Composite
No full textThe water resistance, strength, and thermal properties of the thermoplastic composites were investigated by using different blends of barley stalk flour and waste glass flour as hybrid fillers in HDPE (50 wt%). Virgin E-glass fibers were also used for comparison with the results of the waste glass. The test specimens were prepared by hot-press molding. It was found that the water resistance, tensile strength, and modulus of the HDPE polymer composite prepared with the addition of barley straw flour alone were improved with the use of the waste glass flour and barley straw hybrid. The water absorption (24-h) of the HDPE/barley straw composite was found to be 8.38% while the water absorption decreased to 2.2% in hybrid use with 15 wt% waste glass flour. The addition of the barley straw and waste glass altered the crystalline structure of the HDPE, reducing the melting temperature and melting enthalpy while increasing the crystallinity index. The waste glass provided better thermal stability and a controlled increase in the crystallinity, whereas the glass fiber provided higher crystallinity at the expense of greater disruption to the crystalline structure
Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Raw and Activated Cow Dung for the Sorption of Methylene Blue Dye
No full textWater pollution caused by synthetic dyes, like methylene blue, is a threat to the existence of biogenic components of the environment. This study explores the use of raw cow dung (RCD) and treated (acid treatment) cow dung (TCD) as effective sorbents to remove methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. The optimal conditions for MB removal of 58.3% (RCD) and 86.6% (TCD) were determined as 300 mg/L initial dye concentration, 120 min for RCD, and 100 min for TCD contact time, 50 °C temperature, and pH 5.0. Maximum adsorption capacity of 47.8 mg/g and 64.26 mg/g were determined for RCD and TCD, respectively. Thermodynamic parameter of enthalpy change (ΔH° = 9.32 kJ/mol for RCD and 6.40 kJ/mol for TCD) indicated an endothermic process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) identified functional groups, such as OH, -NH₂, C=O, and C-O, as being responsible for the uptake of the dye molecules. The study confirms that activated cow dung is a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to conventional adsorbents like activated carbon for dye removal
Construction of Response Models for Color Gradation Skewed Distribution Parameters Extracted from Digital Wheat Canopy Images in Response to Cold-Spell Effects
No full textThis study examined the response of color information in digital wheat canopy images from Shandong Province, China, to meteorological indicators during extreme cold spells. Analysis revealed that low-temperature stress altered pixel color and grayscale values, with shifts captured by skewness and kurtosis parameters of color gradation distributions. The kurtosis and skewness of color gradient distributions showed the strongest sensitivity to cold stress. Daily minimum temperature was significantly correlated with kurtosis values for R (0.661), G (0.744), B (0.694), and grayscale (0.744) channels. Models relating these parameters to meteorological factors were developed, with polynomial functions outperforming multilinear approaches. All models demonstrated satisfactory fit, as evidenced by determination coefficients exceeding 0.480. The kurtosis model for green values achieved exceptional prediction accuracy, surpassing 90%. Findings demonstrate quantifiable cold-induced changes in canopy color gradient distribution, establishing a foundation for enhancing freeze damage monitoring systems through image-based metrics. These models enable efficient early warning by linking meteorological data to visible canopy responses, offering practical tools for mitigating agricultural cold stress impacts
Deep Eutectic Solvent for Separation and Extraction of High Purity Lignin from Salix babylonica and its Characteristics
No full textA choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) system utilizing oxalic acid and citric acid as hydrogen bond donors was used for lignin extraction from Salix babylonica biomass under controlled thermal conditions (130 °C). In choline chloride-oxalic acid system, lignin yield increased from 17.2% (1 h) to 66.1% (9 h) and was stabilized after 7 h of extraction. The optimal samples (DES-E1 and DES-E7, 130 °C/1 h and 7 h) showed high purity lignin (> 89%) while maintaining structural integrity. Both DES systems achieved recovery rates (63.3% and 53.6%) of natural lignin content after 7 h, respectively. Spectral characterization identified selective breaking of the β-O-4 bond between the syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) units, indicating DES-mediated bond modification. Furthermore, it was found that the carbon-rich macromolecular structure showed a gradual increase in C/O ratio with prolonged reaction time. This investigation provided a thermal regulation strategy for sustainable lignin extraction while establishing a new pathway for the utilization of Salix babylonica biomass through DES driven structural customization