Revistas Científicas de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
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Oxygen signalling in metabolic regulation: short, intermediate, and long term roles
No full textWe are led at least tentatively to conclude from this analysis that O2 sensing and signal transduction pathways are critically involved.
(i) in the regulation of acute changes in ATP turnover rates in response to increasing or decreasing oxygen availability (or to change in work and perfusion rates),
(ii) in the regulation of intermediate term responses to hypoxia (such as EPO biosynthesis, cfos and cjun activation, or suppression of gluconeogenic pathway enzymes).
(iii) in the regulation of longer term responses to moderate hypoxia (for example, up regulation of tissue mitochondrial volume densities, of oxygen carrying capacitites, or of oxygen efficient metabolic pathways), and
(iv) in the regulation of long term responses to extreme hypoxia (for example, down regulation of tissue mitochondrial volume densities, adjustments in anaerobic/aerobic metabolic capacities, or adjustments in oxygen efficiency of metabolic pathways). Perhaps even more evident than the above is the conclusion that oxygen sensing, signal transduction, and expression pathways in metabolic adjustments to hypoxia are still largely unexplored, especially in the comparative field. Although current models for coupling O2 sensing to regulation of ATP turnover are still a long way from being complete or confirmed, they are, in principle, useful and attractive for several reasons: (i)they can account for the often observed relationship between VO2 and perfusion, (ii) they develop a mechanistic basis for O2 conformity (VO2 varying with [O2] or with O2 delivery) over broad concentrations ranges usually very much higher than the Km for O2 for mitochondrial metabolism, (iii) they supply a mechanism for coordinate and near instantaneous regulation, upwards, of all components in ATPase and ATP synthesis pathways with change in O2 availability, (iv) they supply a mechanistic explanation for up or down regulation of ATP turnover rate with mínimal change in concentrations of intermediates in pathways of ATP utilization or of ATP production, and (v) they display interesting potential for strategic transfer to clinical situations, because they seem to be generally applicable to most tissues. Whereas for such obvious reasons these models may be useful, it is not yet clear whether or not they will turn out to be correct For this further research is clearly required
Adaptation of the brain's microcirculation to prolonged hypobaric hypoxia
No full textWe review some of the effects of moderate hypobaric hypoxia (0.5 atmosphere) on the brain microcirculation of adult rats. Brain vascuiarity increases after prolonged hypoxia, but the time course of the adaptive response and its reversibility, were not known. We found no significant increase in brain vascularity after 4 days of hypoxia but noted a significant increase of about 33% after 1 week. Cerebral vascutarity continued to increase, attaining a maximum of about 70%, over control values afler 2 weeks of hypoxia, but without significant further increase between 2 and 3 weeks of hypoxia. Three weeks of normoxia afler 3 weeks of hypoxia reversed the hypoxia-induced cerebral hypervascularity. The cerebral hypervascularity induced by hypoxia was associated with an increased density of the glucose transported protein (GLUT-1) in isolated cerebral microvessels. This increased expression of GLUT-1 in cerebral microvessels was evident at 1 week of hypoxia, remained constant after 3 weeks of hypoxia, and was not reversed after 3 weeks of normoxic recovery. Thus, unlike the hypoxia-induced increased brain vascularity, the hypoxia-induced increased density of GLUT-1 in isolated cerebral microvessels is not readily reversible. The combination of increased brain vascularity and increased GLUT-1 expression in cerebral microlvessels of rats subjected to hypobaric hypoxia is associated with increased blood-to-brain glucose transport, increased brain concentrations of glucose and lactate, and increased regional cerebral, metabolic rate for to prolonged hypoxia and suggest increased glycolysis in the rat brain after moderate and prolonged hypoxia
Antropología y Mal de Altura crónico: Enfermedades y malestares de los mineros de Huancavelica
No full textEl propósito de este trabajo es presentar y analizar la concepción que tienen los mineros de Huancavelica, Perú central, de las enfermedades que les afectan en la mina. Según ellos, se pueden contraer dos tipos de enfermedades: aquellas causadas por la divinidad de la mina (el Muki), las cuales son concebidas como castigos para sancionar faltas cometidas contra el dios minero o contra la colectividad; y aquellas causadas por el contacto con tesoros antiguos, entierros o huacas. El análisis de los testimonios recogidos, permite sugerir la existencia de una posible coincidencia entre los síntomas del primer tipo de enfermedades y los síntomas del Mal de Altura Crónico. Este artículo permite así, subrayar el interés de los trabajos antropológicos sobre enfermedades no solo para los estudios sobre la cosmología y el sistema de representaciones de los mineros y campesinos de los Andes, sino también para investigaciones conjuntas con biólogos y médicos sobre problemas de salud de las poblaciones de altura.
Effect of menstrual cycle on incidence of acute mountain sickness in women: Preliminary results for two studies
No full textMost studies of altitude illness in premenopausal women traveling to high mountain environments have not controlled for phase of the menstrual cycle. Consequently, little information exists about the possible effects of cyclic fluctuations in ovarian steroid hormones on the occurrence of acute mountain sickness (AMS). We determined the incidence of AMS in 12 women volunteers during a 36 h exposure to 446 torr (∼4300 m.) in a hypobaric chamber during the early follicular (EF) and luteal (L) phases of their menstrual cycle using a cross-over study design. Additionally, we determined the incidence of AMS in 16 additional women volunteers during a 12 d residence at 4300 m on the summit of Pikes Peak, Colorado in EF (8 individuals) or L (8 individuals) using a group comparison study design. Preliminary results of these studies suggest that the incidence of AMS in women does not differ greatly between menstrual cycle phases.
Severe intermittent hypoxia: High-Altitude mines and telescopes and the case for oxygen enrichment
No full textThe problems of severe intermittent hypoxia in new mines at altitudes of 4000-5000 m have previously been discussed. There is increasing interest in placing telescopes at high alatude, especially in north Chile, where observing conditions are excellent. In a typical proposed installation, the telescope will be 5000 m and the workers will sleep at 2500 m and commute to the telescope each day. Oxygen enrichment of room air at the sites of the mines and telescopes shows great potential for improving the well-being and productivite of the work force. 
Bloqueo atrioventricular de segundo grado tipo 2:1 asociado a bloqueo de rama izquierda del haz de His
Get PDFPrevalencia de violencia ejercida por la mujer hacia el hombre en el Perú: factores asociados y evaluación de tendencia entre 2018-2022
Get PDFObjective: To determine the prevalence of violence perpetrated by women against men, as well as the associated factors, and its trend over period 2018 to 2022. Materials and methods: An observational, analytical, trend-based study was conducted using secondary data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey of Peru. The annual prevalence of violence was estimated according to characteristics of the women, their partners, and the households. Binary logistic regression models were employed to identify associated factors, and joinpoint regression models were used to assess changes in trend. Results: The prevalence of violence perpetrated by women against men was 3.5% in 2018, decreasing progressively over time: 3.2% in 2019, 2.8% in 2020, and 2.4% in both 2021 and 2022, reflecting an annual percentage change of –9.9% (IC95%: –13.9- –5.7). likelihood of perpetrating violence decreased with the woman’s age and in households located in rural areas or outside the capital. Conversely, the absence of children, age disparity between spouses, higher wealth index, and prior experience of any form of violence were associated with an increased risk of perpetration. Conclusions: A significant decline was observed in the prevalence of violence perpetrated by women against men, from 3.5% in 2018 to 2.4% in 2022. Associated factors included age difference between partners, presence of children, urban residence, and prior victimization across all forms of violence.Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la violencia ejercida por mujeres hacia los hombres, así como los factores asociados y su tendencia en el período 2018-2022. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de tendencia, basado en datos secundarios de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar del Perú (ENDES). Se estimó la prevalencia de violencia por año y según las características de la mujer, del esposo y del hogar. Asimismo, se emplearon modelos de regresión logística binaria para identificar los factores asociados, y modelos de regresión joinpoint para determinar cambios de tendencia. Resultados: La prevalencia de la violencia ejercida por las mujeres hacia los hombres fue de 3,5 % en 2018, y luego fue disminuyendo en el tiempo: 3,2 % en 2019, 2,8 % en 2020 y 2,4 % en 2021 y 2022, expresando un porcentaje de cambio anual de –9,9 % (IC 95 %: –13,9- –5,7). El riesgo de ejercer violencia disminuyó con la edad de la mujer y en hogares de zonas rurales o fuera de la capital; mientras que la ausencia de hijos, la diferencia de edad entre el esposo y la mujer, el índice de riqueza y el haber experimentado algún tipo de violencia se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de ejercerla. Conclusiones: Se encontró una disminución significativa, de 3,5 % en 2018 a 2,4 % en 2022, en la prevalencia de violencia ejercida por mujeres hacia los hombres. Los factores asociados fueron la diferencia de edad, tener hijos, vivir en zonas urbanas y haber sido víctima de violencia en todas sus formas
Epilepsia farmacorresistente en menores de 14 años: características clínicas y epidemiológicas en un hospital terciario de Lima, Perú
Get PDFObjective: To determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of children with drug-resistant epilepsy treated at a national hospital in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods: A prospective, case-series study was conducted on patients under 14 years of age with drug-resistant epilepsy, treated between October 2013 and March 2014. Drug resistance was defined as the persistence of seizures despite the use of at least two antiepileptic drug regimens at maximum tolerated doses. Data were collected through interviews with family members and a review of medical records. Results: Forty-six patients were enrolled, representing 26.0 % of children under 14 years of age treated for epilepsy. The mean age was 8.46 ± 3.55 years, with 42.6 % of patients being female. The median age at seizure onset was 10.3 months, and the average duration of epilepsy was 6.5 years. Most patients (66 %) had symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsy, with brain malformations and postnatal infections being the most common causes (14.9 % each). A total of 17 % of the patients were diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. The most common types of epilepsy were focal epilepsy not otherwise specified (42.6 %) and generalized epilepsy not otherwise specified (17 %), followed by Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (14.9 %). Regarding antiepileptic treatment, 51.1 % were receiving dual therapy and 21.3 % were on triple therapy. Additionally, 89.4 % had learning disorders and 85.1 % had intellectual disability. Among children over 3 years old, 37.5 % were not attending school. 19.1 % were hospitalized at least once in the past year, with an average hospitalization duration of 20.1 days. Conclusions: Drug-resistant epilepsy has a significant impact on the health and quality of life of children, creating a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Improving access to specialized treatments and comprehensive patient management is essential.Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia y las características clínicas de los niños con epilepsia farmacorresistente (EFR) atendidos en un hospital nacional de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, tipo serie de casos, que incluyó a pacientes menores de 14 años con EFR atendidos entre octubre de 2013 y marzo de 2014. Se definió farmacorresistencia como la persistencia de crisis a pesar del uso de al menos dos esquemas antiepilépticos adecuados a dosis máximas toleradas. Resultados: Participaron 47 pacientes, que representa al 26,0 % de los niños menores de 14 años atendidos por epilepsia en el nosocomio en mención. La edad promedio fue de 8,46 ± 3,55 años, con un 42,6 % de pacientes de sexo femenino. La mediana de edad de inicio de crisis fue de 10,3 meses, y el tiempo promedio de evolución de la epilepsia fue de 6,5 años. El 66 % presentó epilepsias sintomáticas o criptogénicas, siendo las malformaciones cerebrales y las infecciones postnatales las causas más comunes (14,9 % cada una). El 17 % presentaba epilepsias de causa idiopática. Predominaron las epilepsias focales no especificadas (42,6 %) y las generalizadas no especificadas (17 %), seguidas por el síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut (14,9 %). El 51,1 % recibía tratamiento antiepiléptico doble; y el 21,3 %, triple. El 89,4 % presentaba trastornos de aprendizaje; y el 85,1 %, discapacidad intelectual. Además, el 37,5 % de los niños mayores de 3 años no asistía a la escuela. El 19,1 % fue hospitalizado al menos una vez en el último año, con una duración promedio de 20,1 días. Conclusión: La EFR tiene un fuerte impacto en la salud y calidad de vida de los niños, y representa una carga significativa para el sistema de salud. Por tanto, es necesario mejorar el acceso a tratamientos especializados y fomentar el manejo integral de los pacientes
Competencias de los docentes del siglo XXI para el desarrollo sostenible en el marco de la Agenda 2030
Get PDFCompetencies in education have faced challenges throughout the 21st century, so it is pertinent to reflect on the skills, knowledge and attitudes required by teachers in higher education in terms of the demands of today’s society in terms of innovation, research and promotion of the quality of education. For this reason, the general objective is to identify and characterize the pedagogical and didactic skills that teachers require in relation to cultural, emotional and technological elements. Based on a systematic review of a qualitative-descriptive nature, some databases such as Scielo, Redalyc and Dialnet are reviewed in relation to the Fundamental Competencies for Sustainable development, and the main categories are obtained: environmental and cultural competencies, socioemotional and digital, subcategories, descriptors and objectives. This information is organized in figures and tables. It is emphasized that these studies address different significant strategies that allow leading the educational process from various points of view, problems, actions and resources, they also provide knowledge and expand the analysis, and provide new experiences to exchange in life in society.Las competencias en educación han enfrentado desafíos y retos a lo largo del siglo XXI, es así que resulta pertinente la reflexión en torno a las habilidades, conocimientos y actitudes que requieren los docentes y estudiantes, en cuanto a las demandas de la sociedad actual en términos de innovación, investigación y promoción de la calidad de la educación; por ello a partir de una revisión sistemática de carácter cualitativo- descriptivo, se revisan algunas bases de datos como Scielo, Redalyc y Dialnet, con relación a las Competencias fundamentales para el desarrollo Sostenible, y se obtienen las categorías principales: competencias ambientales y culturales, socio-emocionales y digitales, subcategorías, descriptores y objetivos. Esta información se organiza en figuras y tablas. Se hace énfasis en que estos estudios abordan diferentes estrategias significativas que permiten liderar el proceso educativo desde diversos puntos de vista, problemáticas, acciones y recursos, también aportan saberes y amplían el análisis, y proporcionan nuevas experiencias para intercambiar en la vida en sociedad.
Diseño autogestionado de material multisensorial/multimodal para asignaturas de la Carrera de Psicología
Get PDFThis paper presents the experience of designing and using multisensory/multimodal material in the university classroom in four compulsory subjects of a psychology degree. This initiative sought to respond to student diversity in the classroom and, from an inclusive perspective, sought the participation in learning of all students with and without visual impairment. Materials such as thermoform, microencapsulated paper, 3D printing, EVA foam, liquid silicone, fabric, cardboard, etc., were used for the design. A qualitative methodology was chosen to know the students perception of the new material, incorporating semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and focus groups. Qualitative content analysis was used to systematize the information produced. The results show that the students valued incorporating this type of material very positively, reporting contributions not only in learning and motivation but also in their vision of the importance of inclusion in the training and professional practice of psychology. The lack of economic resources stands out as a limitation, as well as the lack of knowledge on the part of authorities on the subject, which can translate into little support for the development of inclusive actions in the classroom.En este trabajo se presenta la experiencia de diseño y uso en aula universitaria de material multisensorial/multimodal en cuatro asignaturas obligatorias de una Carrera de Psicología. Esta iniciativa buscó responder a la diversidad estudiantil en el aula, así como, desde una perspectiva inclusiva buscó la participación en el aprendizaje de todo el estudiantado con y sin discapacidad visual. Para el diseño se usaron materiales como: termo form, papel microencapsulado, impresión 3D, goma eva, silicona líquida, género, cartón, etc. Para conocer la percepción estudiantil sobre el nuevo material se optó por una metodología cualitativa que incorporó entrevistas semi estructuradas, cuestionarios y focus group. Se utilizó análisis de contenido cualitativo para sistematizar la información producida. Los resultados muestran que el alumnado valoró de modo muy positivo la incorporación de este tipo de material, reportando contribuciones no solo en el aprendizaje y la motivación, sino que también en su visión sobre la importancia de la inclusión en la formación y el ejercicio profesional de la psicología. Destaca como limitación la falta de recursos económicos, así como la falta de conocimiento por parte de autoridades en el tema que puede traducirse en poco apoyo para el desarrollo de acciones inclusivas en el aula