HAL ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse)
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Quel contenu pour le formulaire de consentement en génétique pédiatrique ?: Etude comparative des formulaires de consentement en France
No full textInternational audienceL'étude examine les formulaires de consentement utilisés pour les tests génétiques en oncologie pédiatrique en France, en mettant l'accent sur la place accordée aux mineurs dans le processus d'information et de consentement. Les auteurs ont analysé 26 formulaires provenant de divers établissements de santé, en se concentrant sur les aspects éthiques et juridiques. Les résultats montrent une grande hétérogénéité dans le vocabulaire utilisé pour désigner les protagonistes (parents, mineurs, etc.) et dans la définition des informations génétiques incidentes. Certains formulaires incluent des informations spécifiques pour les mineurs, tandis que d'autres se concentrent uniquement sur les parents. La majorité des formulaires requièrent la signature des titulaires de l'autorité parentale, mais peu d'entre eux demandent celle du mineur. L'étude souligne l'importance d'harmoniser les formulaires de consentement pour garantir une protection égale des droits des patients mineurs sur tout le territoire. Les auteurs recommandent de simplifier les formulaires et de fournir des notices d'information adaptées à l'âge et à la maturité des enfants. Ils suggèrent également de renforcer la capacité des équipes de soins à recontacter les patients devenus majeurs pour qu'ils puissent réévaluer leur consentement. En conclusion, l'article met en lumière la nécessité d'améliorer les pratiques de consentement en génétique pédiatrique pour mieux respecter l'autonomie des patients mineurs et assurer une information claire et adaptée
Avian influenza overview June–September 2025
No full textInternational audienceBetween 7 June and 5 September 2025, 183 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were reported in domestic ( 27) and wild (156) birds across 15 countries in Europe. Although HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections were predominant in western and southwestern Europe, they also occurred on the northernmost coast of Norway. More than 75% of the detections in wild birds related to colony-breeding seabirds, particularly European herring gulls, while the number of detections in waterfowl decreased compared to the previous months. Less poultry establishments were affected during the current reporting period, with no secondary spread occurring. Regarding mammals in Europe, HPAI A(H5N5) virus detections were reported in four Arctic foxes in Norway. In the United States of America (USA), the number of HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections in dairy cattle stagnated, while the muskrat and round-tailed ground squirrel were reportedly affected for the first time. Between 7 June and 8 September 2025, 19 cases of avian influenza virus infection in humans, including three deaths, were reported in four countries: Bangladesh (one A(H5N1) case), Cambodia (11 A(H5N1) cases), China (one A(H10N3), five A(H9N2) cases) and India (one A(H5N1) case). Most of the A(H5N1) human cases (n = 12/13) reported exposure to poultry prior to detection or onset of illness. Given the widespread circulation of avian influenza viruses in animal populations, human infections remain rare. No humanto-human transmission was documented during the reporting period. The risk of infection with the avian A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b influenza viruses currently circulating in Europe remains low for the general public in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and low-to-moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals or contaminated environments.</div
Revue systématique : relation dose-effet de listeria monocytogenes à L’origine d’infection alimentaire chez l’homme
No full textFood safety is a major public health issue. Listeria monocytogenes is the second cause of foodborne mortality in Europe. This zoonotic bacterium can cause invasive forms of listeriosis in susceptible individuals, which is associated with a high mortality rate. Implementing control and population protection measures requires a better understanding of the host-pathogen interactions. The data heterogeneity regarding the infectious dose of Listeria justifies conducting a systematic review. The application of this standardized method allowed us to extract 31 articles (case report/series and modeling studies). We observed a great variability within the data, linked to various factors influencing the dose-effect relationship (type of food, Listeria serotype, exposed subpopulation). This work does not establish one universal relationship, but it shows a lack of field data documentation, which could enable to develop more precise modeling studiesLa sécurité des aliments est un enjeu majeur de santé publique. Listeria monocytogenes est la deuxième cause de mortalité d’origine alimentaire en Europe. Cette bactérie zoonotique peut provoquer des formes invasives de listériose chez les individus sensibles, associées à un fort taux de létalité. La mise en place de mesures de lutte et de protection des populations passe par une meilleure compréhension des interactions hôte-pathogène. L’hétérogénéité des données concernant la dose infectieuse de Listeria justifie la conduite d’une revue systématique. L’application de cette méthode standardisée nous a permis d’extraire 31 articles (rapports/séries de cas et études de modélisation). Nous avons constaté une grande variabilité des données, liée à de nombreux facteurs influençant la relation dose-effet (matrice alimentaire, sérotype de Listeria, sous-population exposée). Cette étude n’établit pas de relation universelle, mais elle met en évidence un manque de documentation des données de terrain, qui pourraient permettre le développement d’études de modélisation plus précises
Epigenome editing in animal production: a prospective review
No full textEpigenome editing is a set of molecular approaches that aims at modifying one or several epigenetics marks in one or a few target genomic regions. It can be used to decipher the causal regulatory mechanisms governing gene expression, to validate putative distal regulatory elements, and to modify gene expression levels. The long term repression or activation of a target gene of interest without altering the DNA sequence of a cell constitutes one of the most promising applications of epigenome editing, including in farm animals. Here we present the main molecular tools currently used to perform epigenome editing in vitro or in vivo: the guidance systems (including CRISPR based), the epigenetic effector domains in use, and the delivery method available in vitro or in vivo. A list of studies reporting in vivo epigenome editing in animals (mostly in mice) is proposed, highlighting methodological choices that have been made by their authors. For example, some approaches require an alteration of the host DNA sequence (i.e. using lentiviral infection), 1 while others let the host genome intact. Some approaches have effects across the whole organism, and even putative inter-generational effects, while other approaches target a single somatic organ. Finally, we list potential applications in farm animal species, ranging from research to commercial solutions. We discuss the implications of the different methodological options, including in terms of economic feasibility and public acceptability
Best and worst pigs ranked on their environmental impacts are not the same in conventional and alternative systems: insights from an individual-based model
No full textInternational audienceIn pig production, feeding strategies and genetic selection are main levers of improvement of the economicenvironmental and performances. Feeding strategies for reduced environmental footprint include the use of various least-cost opportunity feeds (LCOF), organic resources (ORG) and/or on-farm available resources (LOC) whereas genetic selection is made on pigs fed with conventional (CONV) feed ingredients with high net energy and digestible protein contents. Therefore, it is not clear whether the best pigs in conventional systems are still the best ones in systems using alternative feed ingredients. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an internationally standardized method to evaluate the environmental impacts of agricultural products, considering all the resources and emissions associated to the production process from cradle-to-farm gate. The objective of this study was to characterize by simulations best and worst pigs on technical and environmental criteria using LCA, in a CONV and 3 alternative systems based on LCOF, ORG or LOC resources. We developed a methodology to phenotype each individual pig via the evaluation of the environmental impacts obtained for a hypothetical pig production system where this pig is the average animal of the fattened population. Experimental data collected for 732 entire Large White males, further named EXP pigs, were used to adjust their growth profiles using InraPorc® software (InraPorc, 2006). Each individual EXP profile was used to generate 1000 individual profiles centered on this individual, leading to a virtual population. For each of these populations, growing and finishing feeds with CONV, ORG, LOC or a minimum of 50 % LCOF were least-cost formulated to cover the requirements of the average EXP pig. For each population, technical performances and economic evaluation were simulated with an individual-based model derived from Cadéro et al. (2018), and environmental evaluations per kg live body weight at farm gate were obtained through LCA based on these performances. They were averaged to assess the individual performance of each EXP pig. A principal component analysis was applied to environmental and economic performances, to identify their main drivers. Hierarchical clustering was used to group pigs with similar responses. Three clusters of pigs were distinguished. Cluster 1, with best environmental and economic performances whatever the system considered, combined low feed conversion ratios (FCR), high protein deposition (PD) potential and relatively low impacts-feeds in the CONV system. Cluster 2, characterized by high FCR and low PD potential, displayed intermediate or worst environmental performances in all systems, despite receiving relatively low-impact feeds. Cluster 3 had similar feed efficiency and economic performances as Cluster 1, but higher initial amino acid (AA) requirements during growth, resulting in relatively high-impact feeds in the CONV system, and an intermediate PD potential. Therefore Cluster 3 had worst climate change impact in the CONV system, but low to intermediate climate change impact in the alternative systems. In these systems, the range of feed impacts was reduced by the use of alternative ingredients, limiting the potential of differentiation of impacts based on feed formulae. For acidification impact, with lowest contribution of feed production, Cluster 3 had intermediate impact in the CONV and alternative systems, given its relatively good FCR. Contrary to previous studies, we show that pigs with lowest environmental impacts are not exactly the same in every systems and should not be identified solely on the basis of their feed efficiency, in particular in conventional systems. In that case, other pig characteristics, such as initial AA requirements and protein deposition potential, should be accounted for to lower the environmental impacts of pig production
Intelligence Artificielle (IA) et vérité scientifique : les apports du Règlement Européen sur l’IA (RIA)
No full textInternational audienceArtificial intelligence systems (AIS) are disrupting the relationship between humans and digital tools and the information they generate. Reputed to be more reliable, even irrefutable, the information produced by AIS seems to carry a certain scientific truth based on often complex and autonomous machine learning models that give the tool an unprecedented capacity for “reasoning” with which to compose. The European Union (EU), with its proposed Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (AI) (AIA - COM/2021/206 final), seeks to regulate the practices of AIS providers to ensure that AIS is placed on the market or put into service in an ethical, lawful and safe manner. Considering scientific truth to be a common good to be protected in the public interest and AI to be a useful tool but one that presents risks in this regard, it seems necessary to consider what the proposed future legal framework could contribute to preventing the marketing and use of scientifically unfounded and potentially dangerous AIS. This article puts into perspective certain rules of the AIA that would support the preservation of scientific truth. We conclude that this issue is implicit and inherent in the objectives of the AIA, which would be based on governance by and for humans, in line with the rights and values upheld in the EU, promoting the control and proper use of AIs throughout their life cycle. Certain planned legal requirements would effectively contribute to guaranteeing a European market for scientifically high-quality, high-performance and reliable AIS, which could be considered to express a scientific truth that humans can trust.Les systèmes d'intelligence artificielle (SIA) perturbent les rapports que l'homme entretient avec les outils numériques et l'information qu'ils génèrent. Réputée plus fiable, voire irréfutable, l'information produite par les SIA semble porteuse d'une certaine vérité scientifique fondée sur des modèles d'apprentissage-machine souvent complexes et autonomes donnant à l'outil une capacité de « raisonnement » inédite avec laquelle composer. L'Union Européenne (UE), avec la proposition de Règlement sur l'Intelligence Artificielle (IA) (RIA -COM/2021/206 final), cherche à encadrer les pratiques des fournisseurs de SIA pour assurer la mise sur le marché ou la mise en service de SIA éthiques, licites et sûrs. En considérant la vérité scientifique comme un bien commun à protéger dans l'intérêt public et l'IA comme un outil utile mais présentant des risques à son égard, il parait nécessaire d'envisager quels seraient les apports du futur cadre juridique proposé afin de prévenir la commercialisation et l'utilisation de SIA scientifiquement infondés potentiellement dangereux. Cet article met en perspective certaines règles du RIA qui soutiendraient la préservation de la vérité scientifique. Nous concluons que cet enjeu est implicite et inhérent aux objectifs du RIA qui reposeraient sur une gouvernance assurée par et pour l'humain, en adéquation avec les droits et valeurs défendus dans l'UE, favorisant la maîtrise et le bon usage des SIA le long de leur cycle de vie. Certaines exigences légales prévues contribueraient effectivement à garantir un marché Européen de SIA scientifiquement qualitatifs, performants et fiables, que l'on pourrait considérer comme exprimant une vérité scientifique en laquelle l'homme peut avoir confiance.</div
Integrated DESI-MS Imaging and SFC-QTOF analysis for spatial lipid characterization in Drosophila melanogaster larvae
No full textInternational audienceIntegrated DESI-MS Imaging and SFC-QTOF analysis for spatial lipid characterization in Drosophila melanogaster larvaeIntroduction and Aims:The gut microbiota plays a key role in determining animal growth trajectories. However, the mechanisms underlying this mutualistic relationship remain poorly understood. To explore host- pathogen interactions, we studied larval development in germ-free (GF) and upon bi-association with two representative commensal strains of the Drosophila microbiota: Acetobacter pomorum and Lactobacillus plantarum. We focused on the study of the lipidome by using two complementary approaches: a spatial lipidomic imaging using desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (DESI-MSI), and a global lipidomic analysis using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Here, we will present thedevelopment of the methods and we will show the power of combining methods for mapping and identifying lipids in a really small biological model.Material and Methods:Drosophila larvae associated or not to bacteria were collected at different growth stage. For imaging experiment, larvae were embedded, sectioned and analyzed using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-QTOF, Waters). Imaging was performed at 25 μm × 25 μm pixel size. Acquisitions were performed in positive and negative ionization mode. DESI ion images were visualised using LipostarMSI. Regions of interest (ROIs) were created by segmentation and peak list were automatically generated. Lipids annotation was performed using metaspace. For global lipidomic analysis, larvae were collected and dissected. The various organs of the larvae: brain, fat body, carcass, and gut were sampled. A liquid liquid extraction was performed and the extracts were analyzed by SFC-QTOF (Waters). Data were processing using MZmine.Results:Electrospray desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) enabled us to compartmentalize the larvae by characterizing lipids specific to different organs from the earliest stages of development. Our analyses revealed that phospholipids are located in the carcass, while diglycerides are mainly found in the fat body. It should be noted that certain lipids, such as free fatty acid and lysophosphatidylcholine, were detected exclusively in the intestine. Subsequent supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) analyses conducted on isolated organs confirmed the structural annotation of the identified lipids. While the lipid composition of larvae reared with or without bacteria remained qualitatively identical, significantquantitative differences were observed.Conclusion:We developed a highly efficiency imaging method using DESI-MS. The spatial resolution obtained allowed us to focus on intestinal lipids in order to understand the interaction between Drosophila larvae and the gut microbiota
Real-world comparison of effectiveness between ustekinumab and a second-line anti-TNF agent in patients with symptomatic stricturing Crohn’s disease failing to respond to a first-line anti-TNF agent: the USTEKNOSIS study
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents are now accepted as the first-line medical treatment for stricturing Crohn’s disease (CD). However, data are lacking about the effectiveness of advanced therapies after anti-TNF failure. Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of ustekinumab and a second-line anti-TNF agent after failing to respond to a first-line anti-TNF for a symptomatic stricturing CD. Design: Multicenter retrospective study. Methods: We included consecutive adult patients with CD treated with ustekinumab or anti-TNF for symptomatic stricture (confirmed on imaging or endoscopy) after prior failure of one anti-TNF for the current stricture. Short-term endpoints were symptomatic remission (composite endpoint) at 6 months, defined as no abdominal pain, no vomiting, no food restriction, no sub-occlusive episode, no steroid, no surgery, and no drug discontinuation or symptomatic response (same definition except for tolerating mild abdominal pain). Long-term endpoints were time to drug discontinuation for treatment failure and to bowel damage progression. The comparisons were performed after using propensity score analysis. Results: Seventy patients were included (34 on ustekinumab, 36 on anti-TNF). After propensity score adjustment, symptomatic remission at 6 months was achieved in 73.9% of patients receiving ustekinumab compared to 42.7% in the anti-TNF group ( p = 0.24), while symptomatic response was observed in 84.0% and 49.5%, respectively ( p = 0.13). Predictors of remission in the ustekinumab group were prior bowel resection ( p = 0.001) and stricture length <12 cm ( p = 0.042). The risk of treatment discontinuation (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.86 (1.33–6.15); p = 0.008) and bowel damage progression (HR = 3.90 (1.64–9.24); p = 0.003) were higher in the anti-TNF group. Conclusion: Ustekinumab appears more effective than a second-line anti-TNF in patients with symptomatic stricturing CD after failing to respond to a first-line anti-TNF
Avis de l’Anses relatif à la proposition de valeurs limites d’exposition à des agents chimiques en milieu professionnel - Évaluation des indicateurs biologiques d’exposition en vue de la recommandation de valeurs limites biologiques et de valeurs d’imprégnation populationnelle pour l’oxyde d’éthylène
No full textAnses. (2025). Avis de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail relatif à la proposition de valeurs limites d’exposition à des agents chimiques en milieu professionnel - Évaluation des indicateurs biologiques d’exposition en vue de la recommandation de valeurs limites biologiques et de valeurs d’imprégnation populationnelle pour l’oxyde d’éthylène. Saisine 2023-MPEX-0161. Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 44 p.L’Anses a été saisie, le 19 juillet 2023, par la Direction générale du travail (DGT) pour la réalisation de l’expertise suivante : « Evaluation des indicateurs biologiques en vue de la recommandation de valeurs limites biologiques et de valeurs d’imprégnation populationnelle pour la surveillance biologique des expositions professionnelles à l’oxyde d’éthylène ».Dans le cadre du protocole d’accord entre l'Anses et le ministère du travail pour la mise en œuvre du programme de travail d'expertise scientifique en matière de valeurs limites atmosphériques et biologiques pour les expositions professionnelles, établi en juillet 2018 et reconduit en 2023, la direction générale du travail (DGT) a saisi l’Anses, dans un premier temps, afin d’identifier, à partir des recommandations existantes, un ou plusieurs indicateurs biologiques d’exposition (IBE) et les valeurs biologiques associées pouvant être utilisés pour la surveillance des expositions professionnelles à l’oxyde d’éthylène.A cet effet, il est demandé à l’Anses :- d’évaluer la pertinence des IBE déjà proposés par les organismes reconnus aux niveaux européen et international pour cet agent chimique (les adduits à l’hémoglobine N-(2-hydroxyéthyl)valine ou HEV dans le sang et l’acide S-(2-hydroxyéthyl)mercapturique ou HEMA dans les urines), et identifier, le cas échéant, d’autres IBE (et/ou indicateurs biologiques d’effets) potentiels ;- d’évaluer les valeurs sanitaires et valeurs issues des données d’imprégnation en population générale proposées par ces organismes, à partir des données scientifiques les plus récentes ;- de préciser les facteurs pouvant influencer l’interprétation des résultats si cela n’est pas indiqué dans les travaux d’expertise de ces organismes (ou si des incohérences avec les données de la littérature sont mises en évidence lors de l’évaluation de l’Anses) ;- d’identifier et évaluer les méthodes de mesure (et préconiser les modalités de prélèvement de chaque IBE).Dans un second temps, il est demandé à l’Anses de mettre en œuvre une expertise collective si les résultats des travaux de la première phase en montre la nécessité