HAL ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse)
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Growth performance and body composition of pigs under dietary protein, amino acid and phosphorus restriction
No full textInternational audienceMinimizing dietary protein and phosphorus (P) in growing pig diets helps reduce nitrogen (N) and P surpluses in agricultural nutrient cycles. However, consequences of excessive restriction of related nutrients namely digestible (dig) amino acids (AA) and dig P need clarification. This study investigated effects of essential AA and dig P restriction through soybean meal and mineral P removal on growth performance and body composition of 48 Swiss Large White pigs (12 blocks of 4 female or castrated littermates, 24.6 kg). Four iso-energetic (13.7 dig MJ/kg) diets were fed ad libitum. Control (C) grower (8.3 dig lys., 3.0 dig P g/kg) and finisher (6.3 dig lys., 2.2 dig P g/kg) diets met requirements for 40 and 80 kg pigs, respectively. Compared to C, other diets included: -20% crude protein, dig AA (N-); no mineral P with -15% (incl. phytase) and -47% (no phytase) dig P in grower and finisher diets, respectively (P-), and a combination of N- and P- (NP-). Final body composition was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and computer tomography. Statistics included effects of sex, N, P and interactions. Effects of N and P restriction were independent (P>0.05). N- impaired (P<0.001) body weight gain (-10%) and feed conversion ratio, while P- had no impact on growth. Per kg weight, N- decreased (P<0.001) lean tissue (-3%) and increased fat tissue (+14%) contents, without affecting backfat thickness. P- reduced (P<0.001) bone mineral content (-15%), volume (-10%) and density (-4%). N- lead to lower (P<0.001) blood serum protein and urea levels, while P- increased (P<0.001) calcitriol without affecting serum P. Findings indicate that protein and AA restriction deteriorates growth and leads to fatter pigs, whereas P restriction solely limits bone mineralization. Funded by the Horizon 2020 Pigweb
Liver FGF21 mediates sex-specific adaptation to juvenile protein malnutrition
No full textDietary protein sufficiency during childhood is essential for healthy growth and tissue development. Chronic protein deficiency leads to stunting, height-for-age more than two standard deviations below the median, and affects 149 million children under five ( https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073791 ). Linear growth is governed by the somatotropic axis, wherein pituitary growth hormone (GH) stimulates hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to promote bone elongation. Although boys are consistently more stunted than girls across populations (ranging from 18% to 45%), mechanisms underlying this apparent resilience remain unclear. Rodent studies suggest that the protein-to-carbohydrate ratio modulates life-history traits such as metabolism, lifespan, and reproduction, with evidence of sex-dependent sensitivity. Whether such dimorphism reflects coordinated developmental adaptations in response to protein scarcity, particularly in females, has not been fully explored. Here, we show that juvenile dietary protein restriction causes sexually dimorphic adaptations with pronounced stunting in males and delayed reproductive maturation in females. Using liver-specific deletion, we identify fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a sex-specific hepatic regulator of female somatic growth and reproductive development, revealing a dimorphic endocrine adaptation to early-life protein scarcity. Our findings position FGF21 as a critical physiological checkpoint coordinating growth and reproductive timing in response to nutritional stress
Relation entre le poids de la mère et les caractéristiques fœto-placentaires dans l’espèce canine
No full textNeonatal mortality remains high in the canine species, particularly among low-birth-weight puppies. This study aimed to investigate the influence of maternal body composition, assessed through the dam’s body weight, on three feto-placental parameters: puppy birth weight, placental attachment zone weight, and placental efficiency. Data were collected during cesarean sections from 212 feto-placental units obtained from 29 bitches of the same breed (Boerboel). The mean maternal weight was 70.35 ± 8.6 kg, the mean puppy birth weight was 580.7 ± 118.9 g, and the mean placental attachment zone weight was 50.05 ± 11.6 g. Placental efficiency, defined as the ratio of placental attachment zone weight to puppy birth weight, averaged 8.78%. Results showed no significant association between maternal weight and the feto-placental parameters. However, a moderate positive correlation was observed between puppy birth weight and placental attachment zone weight (r = 0.33, p < 0.001), as well as a moderate negative correlation between placental attachment zone weight and litter size (r = –0.415, p < 0.001), highlighting the essential role of the placenta in fetal growth. Placental efficiency showed a weak negative linear relationship with litter size (r = –0.24, p < 0.001), suggesting intrauterine competition for nutritional resources. In conclusion, this study did not demonstrate any influence of maternal weight, within a given breed, on puppy birth weight or placental weight. This research opens perspectives for better prediction of low birth weight risk. Maternal body composition could be assessed through ultrasonographic measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue and morphometric evaluations. The effect of maternal nutrition during gestation on puppy birth weight would be an interesting area for further investigation.La mortalité néonatale reste élevée dans l’espèce canine, en particulier chez les chiots de faible poids de naissance. Cette étude a voulu s’intéresser à l’influence de la composition corporelle maternelle, évaluée par le poids de la mère sur trois paramètres fœto-placentaires : le poids de naissance des chiots, le poids de la zone d’attachement placentaire, et l’efficacité pondérale placentaire. Les données ont été recueillies, à l’occasion de césariennes, sur 212 unités fœto-placentaires issues de 29 chiennes d’une même race (Boerboel). Le poids moyen des mères est de 70,35 ± 8,6 kg, le poids de naissance des chiots est de 580,7 ± 118,9g, et celui de la surface d’attachement placentaire de 50,05 ± 11,6g. L’efficacité pondérale placentaire, définie comme le ratio du poids de la zone d’attachement placentaire sur le poids de naissance des chiots, présente une moyenne de 8,78%. Les résultats montrent une absence d’association significative entre le poids de la mère et les paramètres fœto-placentaires. En revanche, une corrélation positive modérée entre le poids du chiot et celui de la zone d’attachement placentaire a été observée (r=0,33 et p<0,001), ainsi qu’une corrélation négative modérée entre le poids de la zone d’attachement placentaire et la taille de la portée (r= –0,415, et p < 0,001) soulignant le rôle essentiel du placenta dans la croissance fœtale. L’efficacité pondérale placentaire présentait une relation linéaire négative faible avec la taille de la portée (r= –0,24, et p < 0,001) suggérant une compétition intra-utérine pour les ressources nutritives. En conclusion, ce travail n’a pas mis en évidence d’influence du poids de la mère, à l’intérieur d’une race donnée, sur le poids de naissance des chiots et des placentas. Cette recherche ouvre des perspectives pour mieux prédire les risques de faible poids de naissance. La composition corporelle de la mère pourrait être évaluée via des mesures échographiques du tissus adipeux sous-cutané et des mesures morphométriques. L’effet de la nutrition maternelle pendant la gestation sur le poids de naissance des chiots serait intéressante à analyser
Application of a French cattle pangenome, from structural variant discovery to association studies on key phenotypes
No full textInternational audienceBackground The current cattle reference genome assembly, a pseudo-linear sequence produced using sequences from a single Hereford cow, represents a limitation when performing genetic studies, especially when investigating the whole spectrum of genetic variations within the species. Detecting structural variations (SVs) poses significant challenges when relying solely on conventional methods of sequencing read mapping to the current bovine genome assembly. Results In this study, we used long-reads (LR) and bioinformatic tools to construct a comprehensive bovine pangenome, using as a backbone the Hereford ARS-UCD1.2 reference genome assembly, and incorporating genetic diversity of 64 good quality de novo genome assemblies representing 14 French dairy and beef cattle breeds. Using a combination of complementary approaches, we explored the pangenome graph and identified 2.563 Gb of sequences common to all samples, and cumulated 0.295 Gb of variable sequences. Notably, we discovered 0.159 Gb of novel sequences not present in the current reference genome assembly. Our analysis also revealed 109,275 SVs, of which 84,612 were bi-allelic. These included 27,171 insertions and 24,592 deletions, while the remaining 32,849 SVs corresponded to alternate allele sequences defined as sequence substitutions between the reference genome and the sample sequence. Genome-wide association studies using SNPs and a panel of 221 SVs, shared between the pangenome and the EuroGMD chip, revealed well-known QTLs across the genome for the Holstein, Montbéliarde and Normande breeds. Among those, a QTL on chromosome 11 presents an SV with a highly significant effect on stature in the Holstein breed. This SV is a 6.2 kb deletion affecting the 5’UTR, first exon and part of the first intron of the MATN3 gene, suggesting a potential regulatory and coding effect. Conclusions Our study provides new insights into the genetic diversity of 14 French dairy and beef breeds and highlights the utility of pangenome graphs in capturing structural variation. The identified SV associated with stature highlights the importance of integrating SVs into GWAS for a more comprehensive understanding of complex traits
MultiNMRFit: a software to fit 1D and pseudo-2D NMR spectra
No full textInternational audienceMotivation Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is widely used for quantitative analysis of metabolic systems. Accurate extraction of NMR signal parameters—such as chemical shift, intensity, coupling constants, and linewidth—is essential for obtaining information on the structure, concentration, and isotopic composition of metabolites. Results We present MultiNMRFit, an open-source software designed for high-throughput analysis of 1D NMR spectra, whether acquired individually or as pseudo-2D experiments. MultiNMRFit extracts signal parameters (e.g. intensity, area, chemical shift, and coupling constants) by fitting the experimental spectra using built-in or user-defined signal models that account for multiplicity, providing high flexibility along with robust and reproducible results. The software is accessible both as a Python library and via a graphical user interface, enabling intuitive use by end-users without computational expertise. We demonstrate the robustness and flexibility of MultiNMRFit on 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR datasets collected in metabolomics and isotope labeling studies. Availability and implementation MultiNMRFit is implemented in Python 3 and was tested on Unix, Windows, and MacOS platforms. The source code and the documentation are freely distributed under GPL3 license at https://github.com/NMRTeamTBI/MultiNMRFit/ and https://multinmrfit.readthedocs.io, respectively
Intervalles de référence de la concentration en albumine et des différentes globulines à partir d’électrophorèse des protéines sériques chez le lapin de compagnie
No full textRabbits are now very common pets in France, and their owners are more and more inclined to pursue additional diagnostic testing. However, recent data on electrophoretic variables in pet dwarf rabbits remain scarce, and none are currently available for the Hydrasys® analyzer used at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. The objective of this thesis was to establish reference intervals for total protein, albumin, and the different globulin fractions using agarose gel electrophoresis in pet rabbits. Blood samples from 51 clinically healthy rabbits were analyzed. The results were compared to existing literature and notably revealed a higher A/G ratio than previously reported.Le lapin est aujourd’hui un animal de compagnie très répandu en France, et les propriétaires sont de plus en plus enclins à réaliser des examens complémentaires. Toutefois, les données récentes sur les variables électrophorétiques chez les lapins nains de compagnie restent rares, et aucune n’existe pour l’automate Hydrasys® utilisé à l’École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de déterminer les intervalles de référence des protéines totales, de l’albumine et des différentes fractions de globulines par électrophorèse sur gel d’agarose chez le lapin de compagnie. Les prélèvements sanguins de 51 lapins considérés comme sains ont été analysés. Les résultats ont été comparés à la littérature, révélant notamment un rapport A/G plus élevé que celui décrit précédemment
Simultaneous Metabolomic, Lipidomic, and Proteomic Extraction for a Multi-Omics Approach: A Case Study on Arabidopsis thaliana
No full textInternational audienc
Prévalence de la leishmaniose canine en Corse en 2024
No full textCanine leishmaniosis is a severe vector-borne zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. In Corsica, climatic and ecological conditions promote the presence of the vector; hunting dogs are particularly at risk. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of canine leishmaniosis on the island in 2024, to analyze associated risk factors, and to evaluate the use of prophylactic measures. To this end, a serological survey was carried out on 71 dogs from various locations around Ajaccio, combined with a questionnaire sent to owners. The results highlighted the active circulation of the parasite, with seroprevalence varying from 6% to 8% depending on the serological kit used; prophylactic measures appeared to be insufficient to provide an optimal protection to exposed dogs.La leishmaniose canine est une zoonose vectorielle grave causée par Leishmania infantum et transmise par la piqûre de phlébotomes. En Corse, les conditions climatiques et écologiques favorisent la présence de ces vecteurs ; les chiens de chasse dont le mode de vie favorise un contact rapproché avec ces derniers sont particulièrement à risque. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer la séroprévalence de la Leishmaniose canine sur l’île en 2024, d’analyser les facteurs de risque associés et d’évaluer l’utilisation des mesures prophylactiques mises en place pour les chasseurs. Pour cela, une enquête sérologique a été réalisée sur 71 chiens issus de différentes localisations autour d'Ajaccio, associée à un questionnaire adressé aux propriétaires. Les résultats mettent en lumière une circulation active du parasite avec une séroprévalence variant de 6% à 8% en fonction du kit sérologique utilisé ; les mesures prophylactiques semblent quant à elles insuffisantes pour assurer une protection optimale des chiens
A single PCR-sequencing method to establish the frequency of kdr alleles in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans: Application to seven livestock farms from south of France
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/614785/)International audienceThe stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a cosmopolite pest causing direct and indirect nuisances on livestock, due to painful bite, harassment, blood despoliation and biological or mechanical transmission of viruses, bacteria and parasites. Its control is mainly based on direct applications of pyrethroid insecticides on livestock, although evidences show limited efficiency due to short term effects and high levels of phenotypic and genotypic resistance. Diagnosis of genetic resistance is currently based on a series of point mutation PCRs showing limitations. Based on fly specimens trapped in southern France, this study aims to establish a new diagnosis method to investigate kdr allele frequencies in livestock farms. A total of 144 S. calcitrans specimens were collected from seven farms (1 with insecticide usage, and 6 without) and processed individually through a single PCR using newly designed primers amplifying a 340 bp fragment including the mutation site of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel domain II; PCR products were then sequenced. Among the 104 individuals successfully sequenced, the methodology allowed to detect the wild-type, kdr-his and kdr genotypes encoding for leucine, histidine and phenylalanine, respectively. Although the wild-type was the most prevalent, resistance alleles were detected in all farms, especially at the veterinary school, where insecticides are commonly used. These results highlight that genotypic insecticide resistance in S. calcitrans populations is widespread. This single PCR-sequencing method, simple, cost-effective and reliable, will allow determining prevalence, distribution and resilience of genotypic pyrethroid insecticide resistance, a primary data to support a conversion from chemical vector control toward environmental-friendly strategies
Travaux autour de la méthylation de l’ADN et de la régulation de l’expression des gènes chez les vertébrés
No full textDNA methylation on CpG dinucleotides is involved in the regulation of gene expression and the repression of transposable elements in vertebrates. Methylated cytosines are more mutagenic than other bases in the genome. DNA methylation has led to a change in the composition of dinucleotides in vertebrate genomes over evolutionary time scales, with a depletion of CpG sites throughout the genome except on certain promoters and regulatory elements, leaving a few CpG islands.How does DNA methylation at promoter level induce transcriptional repression? Two complementary mechanisms have been put forward: recruitment of repressive proteins and eviction of activating transcription factors. I studied one of these repressive proteins, MBD2, during my thesis, and here I present a meta-analysis of the publicly available transcriptomic data following disruption of MBD2. This meta-analysis reveals a heterogeneity of results, but tends to confirm the role of MBD2 as a transcriptional repressor.Two perspectives are proposed: potential applications of epigenome editing on farmed species (which are mainly academic at the moment), and the development of epigenetic clocks on these same species.La méthylation de l’ADN sur les dinucléotides CpG participe à la régulation de l'expression des gènes et à la répression des éléments transposables chez les vertébrés. Les cytosines méthylées sont plus mutagènes que les autres bases du génome. La méthylation de l’ADN a conduit à une modification en composition des dinucléotides des génomes vertébrés sur des échelles évolutives, avec un appauvrissement des sites CpG sur tout le génome sauf sur certains promoteurs et éléments régulateurs, laissant ainsi quelques ilots CpG. Comment la méthylation de l’ADN au niveau des promoteurs induit-elle une répression transcriptionnelle ? Deux mécanismes complémentaires sont invoqués : par le recrutement de protéines répressives, et par l’éviction de facteurs de transcriptions activateurs. J’ai étudié une de ces protéines répressives, MBD2, lors de ma thèse, et je propose ici une méta-analyse des données transcriptomiques publiquement disponibles après perturbation de MBD2. Cette méta-analyse révèle une hétérogénéité des résultats, mais tend à confirmer le rôle de répresseur transcriptionnel de MBD2. Deux perspectives sont proposées : les applications potentielles de l’édition de l’épigénome sur les espèces d’élevages (qui sont principalement académiques pour le moment), et le développement des horloges épigénétiques sur ces mêmes espèces