HAL ENVT (Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse)
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Local investigation into the role of Culicoides species diversity (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in recurrent horse dermatitis cases in southwest France
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Background Insect bite hypersensitivity in horses (“sweet itch”) is a common pruritic, chronic, seasonal, and recurrent dermatitis affecting approximately 10% of horses in France and is a major concern for the horse industry and private owners. This dermatitis results from an allergic reaction to the saliva of specific biting flies (Diptera: Nematocera), primarily from the Culicoides genus. Given the frequent occurrence of this health problem and the limited investigation in France, we conducted a field survey in the vicinity of a riding stable in southwestern France with a reported chronic case of recurrent horse dermatitis to (i) characterize the Culicoides species associated with horse populations and (ii) estimate the relative abundance of the different species identified based on the trapping site location. Methods For this purpose, three Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) traps were set up for one night once a week, from mid-June to the end of July 2022, the known adult peak activity period. Traps were placed either indoors or outdoors at horse facilities. Results Culicoides obsoletus / scoticus were more abundant (58.3%), followed by C. circumscriptus (12.1%), C. nubeculosus (11.5%), C. punctatus (5.6%), C. festivipennis (3.8%), C. pulicaris (2.3%), C. riethi (2.3%), C. parroti (2.2%), and the remaining species, C. lupicaris , C. dewulfi , C. brunnicans , C. flavipulicaris , and C. picturatus , collectively representing only 1.4%. Importantly, C. obsoletus / scoticus and C. circumscriptus were found indoors in notable proportions (54% and 11.4% of captures, respectively). Conclusions The findings highlight the continuous exposure of horses to Culicoides bites during the warm season, including at night and indoors, from C. obsoletus / scoticus , but also including low-impact species like C. punctatus and C. pulicaris . This underlines the need for ongoing research and surveillance. Graphical Abstrac
Pharmacology of Intestinal Inflammation and Repair
No full textInternational audienceChronic inflammation is a common trait in the pathogenesis of several diseases of the gut, including inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease. Control of the inflammatory response is crucial in these pathologies to avoid tissue destruction and loss of intestinal function. Over the last 50 years, the identification of the mechanisms and mediators involved in the acute phase of the inflammatory response, which is characterized by massive leukocyte recruitment, has led to a number of therapeutic options. New drugs targeting inflammatory flares are still under development. However, interest on the other end of the spectrum—the resolution and repair phases—has emerged, as promoting tissue functional repair may maintain remission and counteract the chronicity of the disease. This review aims to discuss the current and future pharmacological approaches to the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation and the restoration of functional tissues
E4F1 coordinates pyruvate metabolism and the activity of the elongator complex to ensure translation fidelity during brain development
No full textInternational audiencePyruvate metabolism defects lead to severe neuropathies such as the Leigh syndrome (LS) but the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal cell death remain poorly understood. Here, we unravel a connection between pyruvate metabolism and the regulation of the epitranscriptome that plays an essential role during brain development. Using genetically engineered mouse model and primary neuronal cells, we identify the transcription factor E4F1 as a key coordinator of AcetylCoenzyme A (AcCoA) production by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and its utilization as an essential co-factor by the Elongator complex to acetylate tRNAs at the wobble position uridine 34 (U 34 ). E4F1-mediated direct transcriptional regulation of Dlat and Elp3, two genes encoding key subunits of the PDC and of the Elongator complex, respectively, ensures proper translation fidelity and cell survival in the central nervous system (CNS) during mouse embryonic development. Furthermore, analysis of PDH-deficient cells highlight a crosstalk linking the PDC to ELP3 expression that is perturbed in LS patients
Surveillance strategy in duck flocks vaccinated against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus
No full textInternational audienceSince 2016, epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus have threatened the poultry sector in Europe. Because conventional prevention and control measures alone were insufficient in some contexts, the European Commission authorized poultry vaccination in 2023. Subsequently, France launched a nationwide duck vaccination campaign combined with a comprehensive surveillance plan. We used a mathematical model to simulate the transmission of HPAI viruses in vaccinated duck flocks and assess the effectiveness of a wide range of surveillance strategies. Sampling and testing dead ducks every week (enhanced passive surveillance) was the most sensitive (≈90%) and the most timely strategy. Active surveillance through monthly testing of a cross-sectional sample of live ducks was the least sensitive and timely strategy. Thus, we advise focusing HPAI surveillance efforts on enhanced passive surveillance and reducing active surveillance of live ducks
Interplay between the Xer recombination system and the dissemination of antibioresistance in Acinetobacter baumannii
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Antibiotic-resistant infections are a pressing clinical challenge. Plasmids are known to accelerate the emergence of resistance by facilitating horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria. We explore this question in Acinetobacter baumannii, a globally emerging nosocomial pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections with a worrying accumulation of resistance, particularly involving plasmids. In this species, plasmids of the Rep_3 family harbor antibiotic resistance genes within variable regions flanked by potential site-specific recombination sites recognized by the XerCD recombinase. We first show that the Xer system of A. baumannii functions as described in Escherichia coli, resolving chromosome dimers at the dif site and recombining plasmid-carried sites. However, the multiple Xer recombination sites found in Rep_3 plasmids do not allow excision of plasmid fragments. Rather, they recombine to cointegrate plasmids, which could then evolve to exchange genes. Cointegrates represent a significant fraction of the plasmid population and their formation is controlled by the sequence of recombination sites, which determines the compatibility between recombination sites. We conclude that plasmids in A. baumannii frequently recombine by Xer recombination, allowing a high level of yet controlled plasticity in the acquisition and combination of antibiotic resistance genes
Building a reliable 16S mini-barcode library of wild bees from Occitania, south-west of France
No full textInternational audienceDNA barcoding and metabarcoding are now powerful tools for studying biodiversity and especially the accurate identification of large sample collections belonging to diverse taxonomic groups. Their success depends largely on the taxonomic resolution of the DNA sequences used as barcodes and on the reliability of the reference databases. For wild bees, the barcode sequences coverage is consistently growing in volume, but some incorrect species annotations need to be cared for. The COI (Cytochrome Oxydase subunit 1) gene, the most used in barcoding/metabarcoding of arthropods, suffers from primer bias and difficulties for covering all wild bee species using the classical Folmer primers. We present here a curated database for a 250 bp mini-barcode region of the 16S rRNA gene, suitable for low-cost metabarcoding wild bees in applications, such as eDNA analysis or for sequencing ancient or degraded DNA. Sequenced specimens were captured in Occitania (south-west of France) and morphologically identified by entomologists, with a total of 530 individuals belonging to 171 species and 19 genera. A customised workflow including distance-tree inferences and a second round of entomologist observations, when necessary, was used for the validation of 348 mini-barcodes covering 148 species. Amongst them, 93 species did not have any 16S reference barcode available before our contribution. This high-quality reference library data are freely available to the scientific community, with the aim of facilitating future large-scale characterisation of wild bee communities in a context of pollinators' decline
ExploreMetabar
No full textExploreMetabar is a shiny application used to explore metabarcoding data (16S, ITS) with interactive plots, integrated statistical tests, anddifferential analysis
L'évolution du concept de vie privée dans le droit européen: Relever les défis spécifiques pour faire progresser la recherche et l'innovation biomédicales
No full textInternational audiencePrivacy is a central and evolving social value in democratic systems that is recognised as a fundamental human right by international and European law. Protecting privacy in biolaw is crucial for public trust in scientific research and innovation. Regulatory requirements have been set to safeguard privacy while enabling scientific and technological advancements in biomedicine. As society and technology evolve, the concept of “privacy” is reshaped. Studying its complex nature is essential to understand its scope, particularly in European health research and biomedical innovation. Based on international and European ethical and legal texts, and jurisprudence, we analyse privacy through a bidimensional lens, highlighting its interconnected material and immaterial dimensions. We address how privacy laws have shifted their focus from protecting the human body integrity to protecting personal data. We argue for the need to reconceptualise and develop the legal concept and regulatory framework for privacy in this field through several examples of innovations and recent regulatory developments. This must take into account the new challenges posed by technological developments and research practices, while maintaining a balance that ensures sufficient leeway to advance scientific knowledge and biomedical innovation in an ethical manner.Keywords: privacy, health research, biomedical innovation, informational privacy, biolaw, legal concept, European law.La vie privée est une valeur sociale centrale et évolutive dans les systèmes démocratiques, reconnue comme un droit humain fondamental par le droit international et européen. La protection de la vie privée dans le domaine du droit biomédical est essentielle pour garantir la confiance du public dans la recherche scientifique et l'innovation. Des exigences réglementaires ont été mises en place afin de protéger la vie privée tout en permettant les progrès scientifiques et technologiques dans le domaine biomédical. À mesure que la société et la technologie évoluent, le concept de « vie privée » se redéfinit. Il est essentiel d'étudier sa nature complexe pour en comprendre la portée, en particulier dans le domaine de la recherche européenne en matière de santé et de l'innovation biomédicale. Sur la base des textes éthiques et juridiques internationaux et européens, ainsi que de la jurisprudence, nous analysons la vie privée à travers un prisme bidimensionnel, en mettant en évidence ses dimensions matérielles et immatérielles interdépendantes. Nous abordons la manière dont les lois sur la vie privée ont déplacé leur objectif de la protection de l'intégrité du corps humain vers la protection des données personnelles. Nous plaidons en faveur de la nécessité de repenser et de développer le concept juridique et le cadre réglementaire de la vie privée dans ce domaine à travers plusieurs exemples d'innovations et d'évolutions réglementaires récentes. Cela doit tenir compte des nouveaux défis posés par les développements technologiques et les pratiques de recherche, tout en maintenant un équilibre qui garantit une marge de manœuvre suffisante pour faire progresser les connaissances scientifiques et l'innovation biomédicale de manière éthique. Mots-clés : vie privée, recherche en matière de santé, innovation biomédicale, confidentialité des informations, droit biologique, concept juridique, droit europée
Suivi de la santé du troupeau ovin allaitant de la mise en lutte à l’agnelage : mise en pratique dans 6 élevages de la région Centre-Ouest
No full textWhile herd health management is considered a promising field in the future of veterinary medicine in France, it remains underdeveloped in meat sheep farming. However, current challenges in livestock farming argue in favor of its expansion. A flock health monitoring protocol was implemented across six meat sheep farms (including both primiparous and multiparous ewes) in the Centre-West region, covering the period from breeding to early lactation, between September 2024 and April 2025. The protocol included various diagnostic tools: body condition scoring (BCS), coproscopy, trace element blood profiling, urine analysis (pH, density), as well as blood concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Beyond tracking the evolution of these indicators in each monitored flock, the study also aimed to assess the relevance, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness of such a monitoring program.Si la médecine collective en France est un secteur d’avenir dans le monde vétérinaire, elle est peu développée dans les élevages d’ovins allaitants. Pour autant, les enjeux du monde de l’élevage sont en faveur de son développement. Un protocole de suivi de la santé du troupeau couvrant la période s’étalant de la mise en lutte au début de la lactation a été mis en place dans 6 élevages de brebis allaitants (primipares et multipares) de la région Centre-Ouest, entre septembre 2024 et avril 2025. Parmi les examens complémentaires utilisés dans ce suivi on retrouve : les notes d’état corporel (NEC), les coproscopies parasitaires, les profils sanguins en oligo-éléments, les analyses d’urine (pH, densité) ainsi que les concentrations sanguines en bêta-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB) et acides gras non estérifiés (AGNE). En plus d’étudier l’évolution de ces indicateurs dans chaque troupeau suivi, cette étude s’est attachée à évaluer la pertinence, la faisabilité ainsi que la rentabilité d’un tel suivi