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[[alternative]]Interpreting Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass from the Perspective of Russian Formalism
No full text[[abstract]] 俄國形式主義的兩位主要代表人物，什克洛夫斯基(Viktor Shklovsky)及雅各布森(Roman Jakobson)在二十世紀初期，提出了「陌生化」及「文學性」兩項重要的革命式論述來試圖取代舊文藝觀。將文學的研究焦點從作家背景、社會環境、哲學及心理學等外在因素，回歸到作品文本本身的主體性來加以研究探討。形式主義者認為唯有透過研究文學作品本身所形成的文字效果、結構、修辭和風格等特點，才能找到文學本身的內在規律，這種純粹「文學性」研究，才能使文學成為一門獨立的科學。 本論文以「陌生化」及「文學性」兩大形式主義論點來討論路易斯・卡洛爾的《愛麗絲夢遊奇境》及《鏡中奇緣》這兩本經典的童書。利用「去熟悉化」的原則及「語言加工」的技巧來分析這兩本《愛麗絲》書。其中第二章介紹俄國形式主義的興起背景。第三章，討論空間、時間及角色的創造如何被陌生化，以凸顯出此兩書獨特的創作之處。而第四章利用語言學中各種語言加工的雙關語、同音語、語意及邏輯所產生的荒謬效果，如何讓這兩本《愛麗絲》書成為經典童書。[[abstract]] In the early 20th century, two key figures of Russian Formalism, Viktor Shklovsky and Roman Jakobson, proposed two revolutionary concepts, "defamiliarization" and "literariness," in an attempt to replace the traditional literary perspectives. They aimed to shift the focus of literary studies from external factors such as the author's background, social environment, philosophy, and psychology to the subjectivity of the literary text itself. Formalists believed that by examining the textual effects, structures, rhetoric, and styles formed within literary works, one could discover the inherent rules of literature. This pure study of "literariness" would then elevate literature to an independent science. This paper discusses Lewis Carroll's classic children's books, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, using the two major Formalist arguments of "defamiliarization" and "literariness." The analysis employs the principles of "estrangement" and the techniques of "language processing" to examine these two "Alice" books. The second chapter introduces the background of the rise of Russian Formalism. In the third chapter, the discussion revolves around how the creation of space, time, and characters is defamiliarized to highlight the unique aspects of these two books. The fourth chapter analyzes the absurd effects generated by various linguistic processes in semantics, logic, puns, and homophones, illustrating how these elements contribute to the status of these two "Alice" books as classic children's literature
[[alternative]]Investigation and Interview Research on the Factors of Parents' Choice of Kindergarten--Taking Hsinchu City as an Example
No full text[[abstract]] 本研究旨在探討新竹市家長選擇幼兒園考量因素，採用問卷調查及半結構訪談方式，並進一步分析不同背景變項的家長在選擇幼兒園時考量的因素及想法。以研究者自行編製之「家長選擇幼兒園因素之調查問卷」為主要的研究工具，以新竹市111學年度就讀公立、私立、準公共及非營利幼兒園之幼兒家長為研究對象，並加入有意願參與訪談的對象共6名。問卷所得之量化資料以描述性統計、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析等統計方法進行分析、處理，質性之訪談資料予以統整與綜合分析。根據本研究結果，歸納主要結論如下：一、新竹市家長選擇幼兒園之因素 （一）家長在選擇幼兒園時最重視親師與互動，其次為經營與規劃，第三為環境與設備，課程與教學排最後。 （二）在「課程與教學」中，家長最重視「幼兒的品格教育」。 （三）在「師資與互動」中，家長最重視「老師和孩子之間有良好的互動」。 （四）在「環境與設備」中，家長最重視「環境乾淨整潔」。 （五）在「經營與規劃」中，家長最重視「幼兒園的收費項目清楚合理」。二、新竹市不同身分、幼兒園種類的家長在選擇幼兒園考量「經營與規劃」因素有顯著差異。三、新竹市家長選擇幼兒園時會考量園所的語言課程、園所的口碑、監視器的裝設、參觀時看到的生師互動、曾有的就讀經驗、園所距離遠近。 藉由以上研究結果，研究者提出建議，提供教育主管機關、幼兒園經營者、教保服務人員做為後續研究之參考。[[abstract]] The objectives of this study were, adopting the questionnaire survey as well as semi-structured interview, to explore factors of parental choice in kindergarten in Hsinchu City. I analyzed further the considerations of the parents from different backgrounds. By conducting a questionnaire survey on investigation and interview research on the factors of parents’ choice of kindergarten, this study targeted subjects from public, private, quasi-public, and non-profit ones in 2023 in Hsinchu City. At the same time, six volunteers were interviewed with willingness in total. Through the descriptive statistics, independent sample t test, and analysis of variance, both quantitative data could be analyzed, processed and qualitative interview could be integrated. The conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows.1. Parents value the teacher-parent interaction the most, management and planning come after. The third is the environment and equipment. The last concern is curriculum and instruction. (1) In curriculum and instruction, parents value character education the most. (2) In educator and interaction, parents value the excellent teacher-student interaction the most. (3) In environment and equipment, parents value the clean and tidy environment the most. (4) In management and planning, parents value the clear and reasonable tuition fee the most.2. Considering management and planning, parents from different statuses and various options have obviously different choices.3. Language courses, excellent reputation, equipped monitors, teacher-student interaction, study experience, as well as the distance between school and home are all factors when parents select kindergarten in Hsinchu City. Based on the result of this study, the researcher provides the related reference for education authorities, kindergarten managers, and kindergarten educators
[[alternative]]The Study of Relationship and Influence among Psychological Capital, Professional Ability, Job Engagement and Job Performance--Take the Food Factory in Changhua County as an Example
No full text[[abstract]] 本研究在比較不同個人背景變項之下，以心理資本、專業能力、工作投入、工作績效為研究範圍，並探討其相互之間的關係與影響。研究對象為彰化縣食品工廠之員工，採便利抽樣方式發放問卷給彰化縣食品工廠之員工填答，並對問卷答案以SPSS統計軟體進行統計分析，以驗證各項研究假設並進一步推論管理意涵。 結論如下：1.員工專業能力對心理資本、工作投入、工作績效皆有正向顯著影響；2.員工心理資本對工作投入、工作績效皆有顯著正向之影響；3.工作投入於專業能力與工作績效之間具部分中介效果；4.工作投入於心理資本與工作績效之間具部分中介效果。[[abstract]] This study takes the following personal background variables: psychological capital, professional ability, work engagement and work performance as the research scopes, exploring the correlations among all the aforementioned variables. The research object of this study are the employees of the food factory in Changhua County. By distributing questionnaires to them, the sampling was conducted via the method of convenience sampling. The answers to the questionnaire were statistically analyzed by SPSS statistical software, which serves to verify each research hypothesis and to further infer the management implications. The conclusions of this study are as follow: 1. Employee professional ability has a significant positive impact on psychological capital, work engagement, and work performance; 2. Employee psychological capital has a significant positive impact on work engagement and work performance; 3. Work engagement has a partial mediating effect between professional ability and work performance; 4. Work investment has a partial mediating effect between psychological capital and work performance
[[alternative]]The Current Status and Challenges of Promoting Musical Clubs in Rural Primary Schools: A Case Study in Taiwan and the Experience of Japan
No full text[[abstract]] 本研究旨在探討臺灣偏鄉小學音樂素養培育社團之推動現況與挑戰，並兼論日本社團的經驗有何借鏡之處。本研究以南投縣樂活國小弦樂團為研究對象，採用半結構式深度訪談方式，依教師、學生、家長建構三種樣式訪談綱要，並與所蒐集之相關資料進行分析，進而做出以下結論：一、弦樂團以合適的時間安排，來達到學習成效，由校內與外聘指導老師配合帶領，建立良好的溝通管道，避免產生正面衝突，讓彼此間的互動更加緊密，形成高度的凝聚力。二、弦樂團除了在相關專長老師的帶領外，也需獲得校內其他老師認同，並營造出合適的學習氛圍，皆以吸引外聘教師願意前來授課。弦樂團相關設備，採用逐年檢討改善方式，逐步建構良好的學習環境。三、家長參與弦樂團活動，能讓孩子感受到被關注，更能提升自信心，家長也能看見孩子的成長，進而能提高家長支持及參與的意願。四、弦樂團在招收成員方面，以自已意願加入的學習態度及成效較高，而在家長要求及因同儕因素而加入，則會出現兩種現象，一種是越學越有興趣，學習態度及成效提升，另一種是只為了應付家長要求，及因覺得好玩而後沒興趣，其學習態度及成效也下降。五、弦樂團中建立良好溝通管道，在學生遭遇學習挫折時，適時的提供協助，緩和學生不安的情緒，降低放棄學習弦樂的機會。六、日本學校社團擁有充裕的活動時間，學校並授予學生有主導社團的權力，使學生擁有很強的自主性。社團活動中的適度上下級關係，能達到教學相長的效果。學校提供合適的舞台，讓學生有展現的機會，能強化學生感知能力與自信心，激發出學習動能。[[abstract]] This study aims to explore the current status and challenges of promoting music literacy cultivation clubs in rural primary schools in Taiwan, and also discuss what lessons can be learned from the experience of Japanese clubs. This study takes the Nantou County Lohas Elementary School String Orchestra as the research object, adopts semi-structured in-depth interview methods, constructs three styles of interview outlines based on teachers, students, and parents, and analyzes the relevant data collected to make the following conclusions. :1. The string orchestra arranges appropriate time to achieve learning results. It is led by internal and external instructors to establish good communication channels, avoid direct conflicts, make interactions between each other closer, and form a high degree of cohesion.2. In addition to being led by teachers with relevant expertise, the string orchestra also needs to be recognized by other teachers in the school and create a suitable learning atmosphere to attract external teachers to come and teach. String orchestra-related equipment is reviewed and improved year by year to gradually build a good learning environment.3. Parents' participation in string orchestra activities can make children feel cared for and improve their self-confidence. Parents can also see their children's growth, which in turn can increase parents' willingness to support and participate.4. In terms of recruiting members of the string orchestra, those who join by their own will have higher learning attitudes and results. However, when parents request and join due to peer factors, two phenomena will appear. One is that the more they learn, the more interested they become and their learning attitude. The other type is just to meet the parents' requirements, and because they find it fun and then lose interest, their learning attitude and effectiveness also decline.5. Establish good communication channels in the string orchestra. When students encounter learning setbacks, provide timely assistance to ease students' uneasy emotions and reduce the chance of giving up learning string music.6. Japanese school clubs have ample time for activities, and the school gives students the power to lead the clubs, giving students strong autonomy. A moderate superior-subordinate relationship in club activities can achieve the effect of teaching and learning. The school provides a suitable stage to give students the opportunity to show off, which can strengthen students' perception ability and self-confidence, and stimulate learning motivation
[[alternative]]A Comparative Study of the Long-Term Care Systems in the UK and Germany
No full text[[abstract]] 世界各國目前將因人口老化及少子化而逐漸研究長期照護制度，而人口老化與少子化，將對於日後國家的社會安全與社會保險，及國家健保等醫療保健服務的需求，造成相當程度的影響，而我國未來也將必會因為人口的逐漸老化及少子化的問題而需要實施長照工作，因此長期照護制度將對於我國的經濟發展是有相當程度的影響。 英國政府於1940〜1950年代開始實施從「濟貧」到「防貧」的改革，其認為長期照護工作是家屬應負的責任，故轉而採取救貧法，政府僅需針對特定的對象提供相關的照護，為全球最先提出社區長期照顧政策的國家，在1989年的社會福利白皮書中便已界定了社區照顧的觀念，英國為各國中第一個實施社會救濟制度之國家；而德國社會保險立法歷史悠久，其長期照護保險法僅自1995年實施，但施行之前，經歷多年的討論，從家庭結構的改變、老年人口的增加，社會對家庭照護需要費用龐大，以致許多家庭陷入貧窮，需依賴社會救助，而使長期照護議題成為眾所關切之問題；其持續強調居家照護、並推動在地老化、社區照護制度以及對失智症者的照護，使長期照護制度更顯得重要。 本論文從歷史的角度來探討英國與德國長期照護服務體制的變遷改革，同時比較分析其特點。首先，針對社會安全制度的發展做一探討，再以其發展長期照護制度的歷程與沿革、理論面向為背景；其次，以探究其國民健康長期照護制度的理念與運作模式，並分析兩國長期照護制度的體制內容；最後比較兩個國家長期照護制度之異同與優缺，希望藉此能為我國長期照護制度，提供相關的改革方向與建言。[[abstract]] The aging of the population and the decreasing number of children will have a considerable impact on the need for social insurance and national health care services in the future. Therefore, the long-term care system will have a considerable impact on the economic development of our country. In the 1940s and 1950s, the British government began to implement a reform from "poverty relief" to "poverty prevention", believing that long-term care was the responsibility of family members, so it adopted the Poor Laws instead. As the first country in the world to propose a community long-term care policy, the concept of community care was defined in the 1989 White Paper on Social Welfare in the United Kingdom, based on the fact that the United Kingdom was the first country in the world to implement a social assistance system. The long-term care insurance law has been implemented since 1995, but before it was implemented, it had been discussed for many years. As a result, many families have fallen into poverty and have to rely on social assistance, making the issue of long-term care an issue of concern. The continued emphasis on home care and the promotion of local aging and community care systems, as well as the need for care for people with dementia, have made the long-term care system even more important. This paper examines the changes in the long-term care system in the United Kingdom and Germany from a historical perspective, and compares and analyzes their characteristics. First, the development of the social security system is explored, and the history and theoretical orientation of their long-term care systems are used as the background; second, the philosophy and operational model of their national health long-term care systems are explored, and the contents of their long-term care systems are analyzed. We hope that this will provide relevant reform directions and suggestions for our long-term care system
[[alternative]]A Study on Eco-sustainable Management Model of Recreational Fishery
No full text[[abstract]] 台灣傳統水產養殖業之困境，包括(1)利潤太低、收入不及支出；(2)極端氣候，造成魚蝦死亡；(3)外銷斷路，內銷供過於求；(4)人口老化，無力操持粗重工作；(5)錢途無亮，年輕人不願投入。本研究提出一種新的方法改變傳統的水產養殖行業，讓鄉間的水產養殖業能夠賺到錢，能夠發揮出更大的社會價值，吸引年輕人的投入，為漁村注入生命力。本研究提出永續經營模式為改變水產養殖方法，可降低飼料成本，減少用藥支出，降低藥物殘留的問題，包括運用有機生態鏈的循環農業養殖法創造高利潤、黑水虻的循環養殖；其次結合觀光休閒，推廣路亞釣魚的方法(又稱水上高爾夫)，包括傳遞休閒顧環保的理念、推廣魚源永續，只留影，不留魚，只記錄，不下肚。並以食魚教育推廣，產地即教室，產地餐桌零距離，增加銷售機會，創造利潤，吸引人流，小農市集，帶動地方經濟，以及推廣親子活動，促進社會和諧，青少年暫離小螢幕身心都健康。[[abstract]] The difficulties of the traditional aquaculture industry in Taiwan include: (1) low profits, which are not enough to cover expenses; (2) extreme weather, which causes fish and shrimp deaths; (3) the lack of external sales and the oversupply of domestic sales; (4) the aging of the population, which is unable to perform heavy work; and (5) the lack of a bright future in terms of money, which makes the young reluctant to invest in aquaculture. This study proposes a new approach to change the traditional aquaculture industry, so that aquaculture in the villages can make money, realize greater social value, attract young people to invest, and inject vitality into the fishing villages. The method is to change the aquaculture method, which can reduce the feed cost, reduce the expenditure on medication, and reduce the problem of drug residue, including the use of organic ecological chain of cyclic agricultural farming method to create high profit, the black gadfly recycling aquaculture; and secondly, combined with tourism and leisure, to promote the method of fishing in Lua (also known as aquatic golf), which includes conveying the idea of leisure and environmental protection, and promoting the sustainability of the fish source, which is to leave only the picture, not the fish, only record, not the stomach. The program is not for the stomach, but for the eyes and ears. And fish education promotion, the origin is the classroom, the origin of the table zero distance, increase sales opportunities, create profits, attract people, small farmers market, promote the local economy, and promote parent-child activities, promote social harmony, young people temporarily away from the small screen are healthy both physically and mentally
[[alternative]]Policy and Practice of Food and Agricultural Education in Taiwan: with Special Reference to Food Safety
No full text[[abstract]] 中文摘要 我國2022年通過施行的食農教育法顯示政府對於食農教育的重視。食農教育法的立法目的相當廣泛，推廣對象也遍及各級學校和社會各階層。本文嘗試透過比較的方法分析食農教育法的精神、內涵及其具體方向。筆者認為，在近年食品安全問題接連發生之際，政府尤應加強食品衛生安全方面之教材教案。儘管食安問題的主管機關和食農教育不同，但對人民而言，皆為「食」的問題，將食品安全衛生管理法所列之有害健康之物質融入食農教材，以增進人民食品安全的素養及實踐，實有必要。 另外，由於政府每年編列食農教育的經費有限，因此，在製作教材時，內容宜以關乎當下台灣最重要的食農議題為中心，依人民各年齡層、族群、宗教及文化飲食習慣的不同，由政府進行總體規畫，並且連結在地多方關係人的力量，推廣農教育。[[abstract]] The promulgation of the Food and Agricultural Education Act in 2022 demonstrated the Taiwan government's effort on the education regarding food and agriculture. The legislative purposes of the Act are multiple. All levels of school and the public in general are covered by the Act. This dissertation, by using the comparative method, plans to analyze the spirit, content and the concrete directions of the Act. It is argued that, due the various kinds of food safety incidents happened in recent years, the government should include food hygiene and safety issues in the teaching materials. While the competent authorities regarding food and agricultural education, and food safety are different, ordinary citizens tend to think that they all belong to the "food" issues. Naturally, harmful substances and ingredients listed in the Food Safety and Hygiene Management Act should be included in the teaching material of food and agricultural education. In addition, as the budget allocated to food and agricultural education is limited, it is important to note that the contents of the teaching material should be focused on the most serious issues. The government should consult with multi stakeholders and do the educational plan according to different age groups, race, religious and cultural eating habits
[[alternative]]Calligraphy and Dharma--Explaining the Experience of Calligraphy with the Buddhist Phenomenology
No full text[[abstract]] 本論文主要探討書法在佛法修行次第上的定位。第一章緒論提出筆者以書法與佛法為題的動機，書法與佛法屬於自主性高的學習，積極主動探索帶來高效能的學習及更深的理解，便獲得喜悅之心，從認知心理學而言，有興趣時，更容易集中注意力，「喜心」和「專注」便是研究的兩大面向。問題意識、範圍目的方法及名詞釋義、再看歷年來已研究的成果。第二章第一節探討修行的主體及修行的展開；第二節探討釋迦摩尼佛的法門，即佛法修行的道次第，從根本認知的源頭尋找從書法契入佛法修行的關鍵點；第三節探討古代、當代書法運用於佛法修行的例子，以及佛法人間化的推廣和正念運用於百業更利於佛法普傳。第三章「喜與悲」，「喜心」是觸轉識一大關鍵點，是求知的動力，喜與悲是一體兩面，佛法有四無量心平衡與圓滿，書法從基本功的入門就是一連串悲喜交織的歷程，也有對歷盡喜與悲大師的故事，佛教的帶入生命的觀察與修行，從抄經寫偈到用生命以書法傳佛法智永和尚、弘一法師、星雲大師，可以成為眾生修行的典範。第四章「專注與戒」，從學習環境到書法基本功的規矩、摹臨寫的觀察與實寫，旁及文學造詣和內心涵養都有關係，用現象學研究法將基本功的寫法做描述，四念住的身受心法的觀呼吸、身體掃描，並在「相」形成「想像」的原理中，分別在佛法及書法中的運用及發揮，以八正道及三十七菩提道品的架構探討書法學寫過程，如杜忠誥談「書法e化」、林俊臣談「文化書法」，都是關於「觸」的體察，其他如書法以簡單線條的重複練習，簡單墨色無限想像，都是靜心與淨化心念的重要步驟，這些都是收心的功夫，而書法佛法不論從外在或內在都需要專注與戒規來修行，用佛法檢視書法的學習過程，再以佛法角度解釋之。 第五章結論，佛法悟透真如自性，書法樸拙返真，修行最終目的，都以撥開形象的外衣，獻出光坨坨的自然本性，這一點展現在無意識的「念」中，讓原本攻心的佛法與注重書寫功夫的書法有了相交會的點。皆在學習不執著功名利祿、放下煩惱苦。用佛法道次第、用書法基本功學習及摹臨寫，從靜心掃描色身，覺察五蘊與外境認知，嚴守六根的惡觸，佛法的八正道、四無量心、四念住、七覺支、五禪支、光明想、森林想與書法的摹、擬、環境結合、藝術美學、文化書法的觸感、簡單線條的純化、黑白水墨的寧靜想像，唐代以來的抄經，大師們以書法弘揚佛法，書法與佛法在修行看似平行的兩條線，卻不時跌宕起伏碰撞出許多火花，交相補足隨緣運用。佛法高深，偏向出世之寺院修行，一般人難以接觸，現代佛法在許多高僧大德及當代國內外宗教學者的帶領下，漸漸走入人群，將人間佛法發揚，並結合各行各業或教育單位，讓佛法更廣泛應用，書法應該有所裨益。[[abstract]] This dissertation focuses on the position of calligraphy in the stages of Buddhist practice. The introduction of the first chapter proposes the author's motivation for taking calligraphy and Buddhism as the theme, calligraphy and Buddhism belong to highly autonomous learning, and active exploration leads to effective learning and deeper understanding, which leads to joy, and from the perspective of cognitive psychology, it is easier to concentrate when interested, and "joy" and "concentration" are the two major aspects of research. Problem awareness, scope, purpose, method and definition of terms, and then look at the results of research over the years. The first section of Chapter 2 discusses the subject of practice and the development of practice. The second section explores Shakyamuni Buddha's teachings, that is, the stages of the path to Dharma practice, and looks for the key points from the source of fundamental cognition into Dharma practice from calligraphy. Section 3 examines examples of ancient and contemporary calligraphy applied to the practice of Buddhism, as well as the popularization of the humanization of Buddhism and the application of mindfulness to all kinds of karma, which is more conducive to the spread of Buddhism. The third chapter "Joy and Sorrow", "Joy" is a key point of touch and knowledge, is the driving force for knowledge, joy and sorrow are two sides of the same body, Buddhism has four immeasurable balance and perfection, calligraphy from the beginning of the basic skills is a series of joys and sorrows intertwined with the process, there are also stories of the master of joy and sorrow, Buddhism brings the observation and practice of life, from copying scriptures and writing verses to using life to spread Buddhism with calligraphy Monk Zhiyong, Master Hongyi, Master Xingyun, can become a model for the practice of all beings. The fourth chapter, "Concentration and Precept", describes the writing of basic skills with phenomenological research methods, the observation and practice of copying and writing, and the relationship between literary attainments and inner cultivation. It is all about the observation of "touch", and other exercises such as calligraphy with simple lines and infinite imagination of simple ink colors are all important steps to meditate and purify the mind, and calligraphy Buddhism requires concentration and discipline to practice both externally and internally, and to examine the learning process of calligraphy with Buddhism, and then explain it from the perspective of Buddhism. Chapter 5 concludes that Buddhism understands the truth as one's own nature, calligraphy is simple and returns to the truth, and the ultimate goal of practice is to remove the cloak of image and dedicate the natural nature of the light, which is shown in the unconscious "thought", so that the original Dharma of attacking the heart and the calligraphy of focusing on writing skills have a point of intersection. They are all learning not to be attached to fame and fortune, and to let go of troubles and suffering. With the stages of the Lamrim of Buddhism, with the basic skills of calligraphy to learn and copy, from the meditation to scan the color body, to perceive the five aggregates and external cognition, to strictly observe the six roots of the evil touch, the Eightfold Path of Buddhism, the four immeasurable minds, the four mindfulness, the seven consciousness branches, the five Zen branches, the light thought, the forest thought and the calligraphy of the imitation, imitation, environmental combination, artistic aesthetics, cultural calligraphy touch, the purification of simple lines, the quiet imagination of black and white ink, the copying of scriptures since the Tang Dynasty, the masters use calligraphy to promote Buddhism, calligraphy and Buddhism in the practice of seemingly parallel two lines, But from time to time, ups and downs collide with many sparks, complementing each other and using them casually. Under the leadership of many eminent monks and contemporary religious scholars at home and abroad, modern Buddhism has gradually entered the crowd to carry forward the Buddhism in the world, and combined with all walks of life or educational institutions, so that Buddhism can be more widely used, and calligraphy should be beneficial
[[alternative]]A Study of the Twelve-Dependent-Origination of Madhyamika: Centered on Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa
No full text[[abstract]] 緣起思想的發展脈絡一路演變，直到「十二因緣」的多方被採用，終於可以以此支數、面向定格發展。本論文研討龍樹充滿神話色彩的生平種種，他富含高深智慧的著作。探究龍樹以何因緣各宗各派爭相稱祖？也將透過龍樹的《中論》及《大智度論》深入剖析中觀學派的十二因緣觀。以初期佛教的緣起觀開始，探究《阿含經》、部派阿毘達摩、早期大乘佛教《般若經》思想、一直到中觀學派初期之緣起性空思想的發展脈絡。查探初期中觀學派，其發展的時代背景，是以《阿含經》、《尼柯耶》的緣起思想為基礎，以《般若經》的性空智慧為主要架構。十二因緣究竟是聲聞法？大乘法？還是三乘共法？雖然龍樹《中論》、《大智度論》的緣起思想有一部分延用「部派」的說詞，但終究是以批判其「實有見」為主軸，舖展開來的是中觀學派緣起性空的正見！成為佛陀教法「甚深見」思想的主流；而《大智度論》是如何地巧說因緣法？開演出種種的菩薩道「廣大行」修行實踐對治法門。《中論》、《大智度論》之〈十二因緣〉的義理思想，表現在中觀學派所謂的「龍樹學」之深見廣行兩大車軌的，是諸法緣起性空與菩薩廣行並重！更是活躍於三乘佛教中，所呈現出來的三種十二因緣。 總之，中觀學派是初期大乘思想萌發之初，相即而來的重要思想流派，源自於佛陀甚深的般若智慧；與般若智慧、菩薩廣行相續興起的緣起性空思想，撐起釋尊勝教轉入大乘佛教的一片天！一條氣勢軒昂、以利他為主軸的菩提大道於斯開啓，緣起思想也次第展開。在十二因緣中聲聞法與大乘佛法共貫，由聲聞的觀點，次第演化進入大乘佛教中道實相、緣起無自性之中觀正見的深廣視野。[[abstract]] The development of the concept of dependent origination [pratītya-samutpāda] evolved until the multifaceted Twelve-dependent-origination was adopted, later it [Twelve-dependent-origination] became a fixed framework for development. This paper discusses the mythical life of Nagarjuna and his profound works. This research paper explores the reasons why Nagarjuna is regarded as their ancestors by various schools and sects and will provide an in-depth analysis of the philosophical thoughts of the Madhyamaka school on "The Twelve- dependent-origination" Starting from the concept of dependent origination from early Buddhism, we deeply examine the thoughts of the Agama Sutra, the Abhidhamma, and the Prajna Sutra of early Mahayana Buddhism till the development of the early Madhyamaka school's idea of emptiness of dependent origination. it explores the rise of the early Madhyamaka school within the context of the era, based on the concepts of dependent origination in the Agama sutra and Nikayas, with the wisdom of emptiness (śūnyatā) in the Prajnaparamita sutras as the main framework. The Twelve-dependent-origination: are they teachings for the Sravakas, the Mahayana, or a common teaching for all three vehicles? Nagarjuna's "Mūlamadhyamakakārikā" and "Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa" primarily critique the view that all phenomena inherently exist, despite occasionally adopting terminology from the early Buddhist schools. What unfolds is the right view of dependent origination and śūnyatā of "Mūlamadhyamakakārikā", becoming the mainstream of the Buddha’s teaching of “profound views,” while “The Treatise on the Great Perfection of Wisdom” serves as the initiation of the “gambhīrya-udārya” method within the bodhisattva path, it unfolds the right view of the Dependent Origination and Emptiness [śūnyatā] in Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā, became the mainstream of the "profound insight" thought of the Buddha's teachings; and "Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa" was the beginning of the "gambhīrya-udārya" method of the Bodhisattva path. The philosophical thought of the "Twelve-dependent-origination" in "Mūlamadhyamakakārikā" and "Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa" is reflected in the two major tracks of "profound insight" (gambhīra) and "Extensive Practice"(udārya) of the so-called "Nagarjuna thought" of the Madhyamaka school. The emptiness of the dependent origin of Dharma and the vast conduct of the Bodhisattva are equally important! It is also active in Three Vehicle Buddhism and presents three types of Twelve-dependent-originations. Overall, this study will show how the Madhyamaka school emerged as an important philosophical thought at the onset of Mahayana thought, arising from the profound wisdom of the Shakyamuni Buddha. the thought of dependent origination [pratītya-samutpāda] and emptiness [sunyata] developed in parallel with the wisdom of Prajñā Paramita and the extensive practice of Bodhisattva, supported the transformation of Shakyamuni Buddha's teachings into Mahayana Buddhism! It paved the way for an ambitious path of enlightenment, centered around benefiting others. The concept of dependent origination (Pratītyasamutpāda) unfolded gradually, with the teachings of the Sravakas and the Mahayana seamlessly interwoven within the framework of the Twelve-dependent origination. From the perspective of the Sravakas, it gradually evolved into the profound view of the Middle Way and the insight of emptiness within the Mahayana tradition, offering a deep and extensive understanding
[[alternative]]Research on Self-Efficacy and Its Relationship with Work Engagement of Field Firefighters in Chiayi County in Handling Life and Death Incidents, Disaster Relief and Rescue
No full text[[abstract]] 本研究旨在探討嘉義縣外勤消防人員面對生死事件時自我效能對工作投入之現況，不同背景變項之嘉義縣外勤消防人員「自我效能」與「工作投入」之差異。並探討自我效能與工作投入二者之間的相關性與預測效果。本研究以嘉義縣外勤消防人員為研究對象，採問卷調查法，總共發放239份，回收239份，經刪除填答不完整及無效問卷後，有效問卷為235份，共計有效樣本回收率為98％。研究問卷資料以SPSS套裝軟體進行描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、相關分析與線性迴歸分析。本研究結論如下所述： 一、自我效能對工作投入、工作意願及工作承諾之間具有正向關聯。 二、自我效能對工作投入、工作意願及工作承諾之間均能有效預測，當自我效能愈高，對上述三者亦有較高表現。 本研究結論發現，嘉義縣外勤消防人員資深工作者多與教育程度大幅提升，且受到多元性訓練與復訓，提高個人的自我效能，勇於接受各種突發狀況挑戰。消防人員對上級長官交付的任務為使命必達、對政府向心力極佳，研究中發現自我效能對工作投入、工作意願及工作承諾之間具有正向關聯。 本研究建議嘉義縣外勤消防人員年齡偏年長，人事室如能每年向中央消防署極力爭取年輕有為的消防員，以達到消防換血及經驗傳承效果。在高度自我效能與極佳的工作投入態度，對嘉義縣外勤消防人員的身心壓力亦須適度的釋壓與關懷。[[abstract]] This study aims to investigate the current situation of self-efficacy and work engagement of field firefighters in Chiayi County when facing life-death events, and the differences in "self-efficacy" and "job engagement" of field firefighters in Chiayi County with different background variables. And explore the correlation and predictive effect between self-efficacy and work engagement. In this study, field firefighters in Chiayi County were used as the research object. A total of 239 questionnaires were distributed and 239 were recovered. After deleting incomplete and invalid questionnaires, 235 valid questionnaires were used, and the total recovery rate of valid samples was 98. %. The questionnaire data were analyzed with SPSS package software for descriptive statistics, independent sample t test, single factor analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. The conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. Self-efficacy is positively related to work engagement, work intention and work commitment. 2. Self-efficacy can effectively predict work engagement, work intention and work commitment. The higher the self-efficacy, the higher the performance of the above three. The conclusion of this study found that Chiayi County's field firefighters have more senior workers and their education level has been greatly improved, and they have received multiple training and retraining, which improves their personal self-efficacy and has the courage to accept challenges in various emergencies. Firefighters must accomplish the tasks assigned by their superiors and have excellent solidarity with the government. The study found that self-efficacy has a positive relationship with work engagement, work willingness, and work commitment. This study suggests that the field firefighters in Chiayi County are relatively old. If the Personnel Office can try its best to recruit young and promising firefighters from the Central Fire Department every year, in order to achieve the effect of firefighting replacement and experience inheritance. With a high degree of self-efficacy and an excellent attitude towards work, the physical and mental pressure of the field firefighters in Chiayi County must also be moderately relieved and cared for