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Personalized DAT Selection in Advanced Parkinson’s Disease: A Milestone-Guided, Phenotype-Aligned Framework
No full textOral medication frequently fails in advanced Parkinson\u27s disease (PD), necessitating a prompt switch to device-aided therapies (DAT) such as DBS, LCIG, or CSAI. Current DAT initiation techniques, however, continue to be non-individualized, reactive, and delayed. We offer a useful, phenotype-aligned, milestone-driven model to help choose therapies based on the unique paths of each patient. We created a decision framework and scoring checklist based on patient subtypes and clinical milestones by incorporating ideas from important literature. Three primary PD phenotypes: tremor-dominant, PIGD, and cognitive decline - are correlated with five milestone-based clinical indicators. Our structured model allows for more accurate and timely DAT initiation by striking a balance between treatment efficacy, invasiveness, and contraindications. A decision tree and scoring matrix provide a visual summary of the framework, maximizing its practicality. This framework supports multidisciplinary collaboration and shared decision-making, enhancing patient outcomes by providing structured yet flexible approach to advanced PD management
Animal Models and Their Utility in Parkinson’s Disease Research: A Review
No full textParkinson’s Disease (PD) is a common heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder in which symptoms include bradykinesia, stiffness, tremors, and eventually dementia and speech issues. PD neuropathology is characterized by the progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of a-synuclein protein aggregates known as Lewy bodies in affected cells. Whilst what may cause neurodegeneration in PD is still not understood, research using animal models suggest oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiration dysfunction may play important roles.
Animal models are essential in improving our understanding of PD, the most used of which is rodent models due to the behavioural tests available to evaluate motor functionality. Neurotoxin-based approaches apply known toxins such as MPTP and 6-OHDA to model neurodegeneration and motor deficits in mice and rats. Rotenone is another toxin found in pesticides that has been associated with Parkinson\u27s-like pathology, suggesting the role of environmental toxins as a risk factor in PD development . Genetic models create transgenic
and AAV rodents using mutant forms of a-synuclein, such as A53T, A30P, and E45K. These models are important in understanding how Lewy body pathology contributes towards Parkinson’s pathophysiology. Neurotoxin and genetic-based approaches have assisted in the development of therapeutics for PD, including levodopa, rasagiline, and ongoing research into possible AAV-mediated gene therapies. Rodent models have proven themselves highly useful in investigating the complexities of PD, understanding the strengths and limitations of varying types allows optimal application of rodent models in the field of PD research
Telomere Shortening and Cellular Senescence in Parkinson’s Disease: A Converging Axis of Aging and Neurodegeneration
No full textParkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is increasingly recognized as a disorder of accelerated cellular aging, driven by telomere shortening, cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic neuroinflammation. Central to its pathophysiology is the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates, which trigger astrocyte and microglial senescence, leading to the secretion of pro-inflammatory SASP factors and creating a toxic neural microenvironment. These processes are tightly interwoven with mitochondrial impairment and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accelerate telomere attrition and perpetuate neuronal loss through a self-reinforcing feedback loop. Dysregulation of key molecular regulators such as telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), GBA mutations, and the SATB1-miR22 axis further exacerbate lysosomal dysfunction, senescence, and α-synuclein accumulation. TERT, though neuroprotective when upregulated, is often downregulated in PD, while GBA mutations impair autophagy and contribute to a senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. The SATB1-miR22-GBA network links epigenetic regulation to lysosomal failure and cellular aging. These interconnected mechanisms illuminate a multifactorial model of PD pathogenesis where senescence and telomere instability serve as central hubs. Therapeutic strategies targeting telomerase activation, clearance of senescent cells via senolytics, and modulation of the GBA/SATB1-miR22 pathway represent promising avenues for mitigating neurodegeneration and improving clinical outcomes in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases such as PD.
THE PLACE OF SOUTH AZERBAIJAN IN THE GEOPOLITICAL INTERESTS OF THE GREAT POWERS (DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR)
No full textThe article talks about the internal situation in Iran, especially in South Azerbaijan, on the eve of the Second World War, and the region\u27s important place in the sphere of interest of the great powers. The factors determining the interests of the USSR, which is trying to make the north of Iran its own, as well as the interests of great powers such as England, the United States, and Germany, in this area have been explained.
In order to gain political legitimacy, the state-building of the Pahlavis, who declared their monarchy as the successor of the old Persian Empire, was based on two main principles: creating a single central authority, ensuring national unity and unity. The ideology of national unity served to justify the rapid and comprehensive assimilation of non-Persians, primarily Azerbaijanis, living in Iran in terms of language and culture. In fact, Reza Shah\u27s policy of Persianization did not ensure the melting of non-Persian peoples from a political point of view, on the contrary, it caused them to move away from the center and increase their national consciousness. In the research, although the Soviets\u27 aggressive and aggressive policy against Iran was important for the establishment of the National Government, the existence of a very strong Azerbaijani National Movement within Iran is also proven on the basis of facts
КОНТЕКСТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА МНОГОЗНАЧНЫХ СЛОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РУССКОГО И КАЗАХСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)
No full textThis article is devoted to the study of polysemantic words and the role of context in their translation using the example of Russian and Kazakh languages. A definition of context is given and important attention is paid to the role it plays in translating polysemantic words. The study shows that contextual meanings arise in the process of using words in speech, depending on the environment, and are realized under the influence of several types of context
WEB – CMS ტექნოლოგიები და მომავლის გამოწვევები
No full textThe development of web technologies is one of the most significant characteristics of the digital age. Web Content Management Systems (CMS) enable users to create, manage, and update content with ease, without requiring in-depth technical knowledge. Their evolution has progressed from the static structures of WEB 1.0 to the decentralized and intelligent platforms of WEB 3.0.
The purpose of this work is to present:
The evolutionary rise of web technologies, including WEB 1.0, WEB 2.0, and WEB 3.0, along with the fundamental aspects of CMS and WCMS technologies.
Main trends in WEB 3.0 technologies and the challenges shaping the future of web development.
Examples of websites based on WEB 2.0 technologies.
My practical experience: practical models developed within an teaching project, specifically blog-style websites hosted in cloud-based environments: www.wordPress.com www.blogger.com www.sites.google.comWEB - ტექნოლოგიების განვითარება ციფრული ეპოქის უმნიშვნელოვანესი მახასიათებელია. ვებ საიტების კონტენტის მართვის სისტემები (Web Content Management Systems - CMS) უზრუნველყოფენ მომხმარებლებისთვის მონაცემების მარტივად შექმნას, მართვასა და განახლებას სიღრმისეული ტექნიკური ცოდნის გარეშე. მათი ევოლუცია მიემართება WEB 1.0-ის სტატიკური სტრუქტურებიდან WEB 3.0-ის დეცენტრალიზებული და ინტელექტუალური პლატფორმებისკენ.
ნაშრომის მიზანია გაგაცნოთ:
WEB ტექნოლოგიების განვითარების ევოლუციური აღმავლობა - WEB1; WEB2; WEB3; CMS და WCMS ტექნოლოგიების ძირითადი ასპექტები;
WEB3 ტექნოლოგიების ძირითადი ტენდენციები - WEB ტექნოლოგიების განვითარების მომავლის გამოწვევები;
WEB2 ტექნოლოგიაზე დაფუძნებული ვებ საიტების ნიმუშები. ჩემი პრაქტიკა - სასწავლო პროექტის ფარგლებში შესრულებული პრაქტიკული მოდელები. სახელდობრ, ბლოგური ტიპის საიტები, რაც განთავსებულია ღრუბლოვან სივრცეში - www.wordPress.com www.blogger.com www.sites.google.com
 
Формирование иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции на базе современных информационно-коммуникативных технологий
No full textModern information and communication technologies are a powerful tool that contributes to the formation of foreign language communicative competence. They open new opportunities for foreign language teaching, making the process more interactive, motivating and individualised. The use of interactive online resources, video and audio materials, virtual environments and collaborative learning allows students to actively apply language skills, develop communicative skills and overcome language barriers.
However, in order to successfully realise the potential of information and communication technologies in foreign language teaching, it is necessary to take into account challenges such as teacher training, accessibility of technologies for all students, a balanced combination of ICT with traditional methods and constant updating, and adaptation of the educational process to modern requirements.
 
პროექტზე დაფუძნებული სწავლება - თანამედროვე მიდგომები და გამოწვევები უცხო ენის საგაკვეთილო პროცესში
No full textKnowladge of a foreign language is considered a priority and an important criterion for human competitiveness. In today’s world, English is recognized as the international language and the primary tool of communication. As a result, in public schools, it has been established as the first foreign language, with its study beginning in tje first grade, according to the national curriculum standard.
The 21st century is the era of technology and communication, wich has brought significant challenges to the field of education. The growing need to apply knowladge in practice and develop self-development skills has come to the forefront. Educational programs and currucula have undergone changes, with new standards being developed and improved each year. A comprehensive document, the National Curriculum Plan, has been created and is being developed dtep by step.
The Ministry of Education has developed outcome-oriented teaching strategies and empowered teachers to impart know using various teaching methods. It has become essential to introduce modern techniques and innovations into the educational process. The development of 21st-century competencies is achievable only through the use of new, engaging methods. As a result, project-based learning is considered one of the most important approaches.
In Georgian public schools, teaching with these priorities is implemented through a variety of strategies. Specifically, English teaching use a range of methods to ensure that students develop critical thinking skills alongside their language proficiency. These strategies not only focus on language acquisition but also encourage students to apply their skills in practical situations.
For the research, we used a standart survey method to gather and summarize data. Based on a specific example implemented in the public sector of one of the municipalities, we conducted the research by studyng a case study.
We believe the artcile will be of interest to practicing teachers and those in society who are interested in theoretical research.უცხო ენის ცოდნა ერთ-ერთ პრიორიტეტად ითვლება და ადამიანის კონკურნეტუნარიანობის მნიშვნელოვან კრიტერიუმს წარმოადგენს. დღევანდელ მსოფლიოში ინგლისური ენა საერთაშორისო ენად და კომუნიკაციის მთავარ იარაღადაა მიჩნეული. შესაბამისად, საჯარო სკოლებში, ეროვნული სასწავლო გეგმით გათვალისწინებული სტანდარტის მიხედვით, იგი პირველ უცხოურ ენად ჩამოყალიბდა და მისი შესწავლა პირველი კლასიდან იწყება. წინა პლანზე გამოვიდა ცოდნის პრაქტიკაში გამოყენების აუცილებელი საჭიროებაც და ადამიანში თვითგანვითარების უნარების ჩამოყალიბება. ცვლილება განიცადა სასწავლო პროგრამებმა, კურიკულუმებმა, შემუშავდა ახალი სტანდარტები, რომლებიც ყოველწლიურად იხვეწება. შეიქმნა სკურპულოზური დოკუმენტი - მესამე თაობის ეროვნული სასწავლო გეგმა.
განათლების სამინისტრომ შედეგზე ორიენტირებული სწავლების სტრატეგიები შეიმუშავა და მასწავლებელს მისცა უფლება სწავლების ვარიაციების გამოყენებით გადასცეს ცოდნა. მნიშვნელოვანი გახდა თანამედროვე მეთოდებისა და ნოვაციების დანერგვა სასწავლო პროცესში. 21-ე საუკუნის კომპეტენციების გამომუშავება მხოლოდ ახლებური, საინტერესო მეთოდებითაა შესაძლებელი. შესაბამისად, პროექტზე დაფუძნებული სწავლება ერთ-ერთ მნიშვნელოვან მეთოდად მიიჩნევა.
როგორ ხორციელდება ქართულ საჯარო სკოლებში აღნიშნული პრიორიტეტებით სწავლება და რა მეთოდებს სთავაზობენ კონკრეტულად ინგლისური ენის მასწავლებლები მოსწავლეებს. რა სტარტეგიებით ახორციელებენ ისინი საგნის სწავლებას, რომ მოსწავლემ ენასთან ერთად სააზროვნო უნარების განვითარება და მათი პრაქტიკაში გამოყენება შეძლოს.
კვლევისას დავეყრდენით გამოკითხვის გავრცელებულ სახეს, ვაწარმოეთ ელექტრონული ანონიმური კითხვარი და დავაჯამეთ მონაცემები. ასევე, შევისწავლეთ ერთ-ერთი კონკრეტული მაგალითი, რომელშიც რელევანტური აღმოჩნდა ,,Case study“-ს მეთოდის გამოყენება.
ვფიქრობთ, სტატია საინტერესო იქნება პრაქტიკოსი მასწავლებლებისა და თეორიული კვლევებით დაინტერესებული საზოგადოების ნაწილისათვის
შრომის მედიცინის თანამედროვე გამოწვევები საქართველოში ჯანმო-ს დირექტივების გათვალისწინებით
No full textPhilosophical Origins of Cryptography: Dedicated to the great Georgian scientist and my most precious teacher, Mr. Aleko Tsintsadze
No full textCryptography is a powerful philosophical doctrine that shows the greatest connection in the most difficult process of cognition of the periods covered by the fog of human history. In the historical process of the formation and development of the above-mentioned direction, the Jews, the British and the civilizations of the Far East played an immeasurable role. Jewish thinkers, possessing great wisdom, created a unique system of cryptography, which had a great influence on the most difficult process of the formation and development of the worldview of the nations of the world. The merit of the Jewish people to humanity is special and indescribable. There is a Jewish Kabbalah - a very complex philosophical system, which is based on 75 complex algorithms. The word Kabbalah itself was one of the first to be used by the great Jewish thinker Solomon-ibn-Gebiro. The works of Yitzhak-Lur Ashkenazi played a huge role in the development of the above-mentioned teachings. Jewish culture contains great wisdom, which is confirmed by historical and philosophical research. Jewish thinkers created a unique cryptosophical concept that skillfully combines philosophical paradigms and the most complex concepts. The British played a huge role in the creation of this direction, who formed a unique mythosophical system, which is confirmed by the activation of historical and philosophical research. British cryptosophical culture can rightly be considered the best astrosophical example in Europe. British philosophy is based on the worldview principle of freedom and dogmatic balancing, which facilitates cultural progress and plays a huge role in the most difficult, truly supra-epochal process of the multifaceted development of world civilization. Indians, Chinese and Japanese create original systems, which is reflected in the speed of development of cryptosophical thinking in the Far East. The above-mentioned ethnogenetic connections appear to us as the guardians of an intellectual treasure of world significance, which gives the greatest creative energy to the nations of the world in an amazing way of strengthening the humanistic principle of cryptosophical thoughtfulness