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教皇改革
Get PDF論文(Article)Le terme de 《 reforme gregorienne 》 exagere l'influence du role de Gregoire Ⅶ.C'est pourquoi je prefere la formule plus comprehensive de 《 reforme pontificale 》. La reforme pontificale a marque un tournant dans l'histoire de l'Eglise et de la papaute medievale. Elle s'est deroulee en trois phases: la periode de 1046 a 1085 correspondant a huit pontificats a partir de Clement Ⅱ jusqu'a Gregoire Ⅶ; l'epoque representee principalement par deux pontificats de Urbain Ⅱ et Pascal Ⅱ (1088-1118); et cinq pontificats de Calixte Ⅱ a Lucius Ⅱ (1119-1145). On traitera dans cet article la premiere phase. Le temps de 1046 a 1085 est divise en trois etapes. La premiere etape comprenant quatre pontificats de Clement Ⅱ a Victor Ⅱ est caracterisee par les programmes suivants: l'emancipation d'une papaute des factions aristocratiques locales, l'observance du celibat des pretres et l'extirpation de la simonie, et l'etablissement de la suprematie du Saint-Siege. La reforme a ete mise en oeuvre par une action concertee de l'empereur Henri Ⅲ et des premiers papes reformateurs d'origine allemande. Apres la mort d' Henri Ⅲ en 1056, le parti de la reforme avait grand besoin d' etre soutenu. C'est la deuxieme etape de la papaute reformatrice. La politique anti-normande de Leon Ⅸ et d'Etienne Ⅸ fut abandonnee sur les conseils d'Hildebrand et de l'abbe Didier du Mont-Cassin, le futur Victor Ⅲ. Au mois d'aout 1059, lors d'un synode tenu par Nicolas Ⅱ a Melfi, les Normands preterent serment de fidelite et s'engagerent, pour les futures elections pontificales, a garantir au candidat du groupe reformateur le trone pontifical. Une autre mesure importante du pontificat de Nicolas Ⅱ fut le fameux decret d'avril 1059 sur l'election pontificale. C'etait certainement une reponse a la double election de 1058. Autrement dit, ce decret avait pour but d'empecher la noblesse romaine de reprendre le dessus. A l'avenir, le choix des candidats serait la prerogative des cardinaux-eveques. Ce decret avait pour objet de garantir la libertas Ecclesiae au sommet de l'Eglise et ne concedait a l'empereur qu'un droit d'approbation et de ratification. Apres la mort de Nicolas Ⅱ en 1061, un nouveau schisme apparut entre les reformateurs qui, avec l'aide des Normands, elirent Anselme, l'eveque de Lucques sous le nom d' Alexandre Ⅱ, et les elements associes du gouvernement imperial, de l'aristocratie romaine et des eveques lombards qui eleverent l'eveque Cadalus de Parme a la dignite pontificale sous le nom d'Honorius Ⅱ. Le parti reformateur gagna le schisme. Pour la premiere fois dans l'histoire, l'empereur voyait evince le candidat de son choix. Puisque le gouvernement regent soutenait l'antipape, le parti reformateur oublia naturellement les concessions faites au empereur par le decret electoral de 1059, c'est-a-dire debito honore et reverentia
カードゲームを用いたブレインストーミング法による心理的ストレス低減効果の検証
Get PDF論文(Article)This study investigated the effect of the reduction in psychological stress caused by using a brainstorming card game. The card game was developed for this experiment by some psychologists and business scholars. Twenty undergraduate students rated scales of desire for control and response to stress. After the rating, participants were asked to provide concrete ideas for saving money in three sessions by used the brainstorming card game. Each session was completed in fifteen minutes. The participants rated the scales of response to stress and cognitive coping strategies after each session. They were asked to rate the response to stress again after the brainstorming game. The results revealed that the feelings of depression and anxiety in participants decreased in every session of the brainstorming game, and they maintained their concentration and psychological efforts for divergent thinking. Additionally, they adopted more positive than negative cognitive coping strategies for the ideas of others. This suggests that the brainstorming card game helped in declining psychological stress and encouraged mental focus on the process of thinking for brainstorming
音節言語話者における日本語潜在モーラの認識構造 : 広東語母語話者と韓国語母語話者の場合
Get PDF論文(Article)Japanese, as a mora language, has implicit moras such as geminates, moraic nasals, diphthings, long vowels and devoiced mora, which syllable-language speakers have difficulty in perceiving. This research investigates the degree of autonomy of implicit moras of Cantonese and Korean speakers and compares their way of recognition of mora with that of Japanese native speakers. Firstly, we observe recognition structure of implicit moras from the viewpoint of phonological characteristics in Cantonese and Korea. As for connection between nucleus and coda, we find that, in Japanese and Korean, the connection is weak and they are easy to disconnect because onset and nucleus are connected first. On the other hand, coda is connected with nucleus first and they are not easy to disconnect. When duration of implicit moras is too long in Japanese and Korean, the languages disconnect nucleus and coda in order that implicit moras are autonomous. Cantonese is an analytic language and syllable constituents cannot be disconnected. Therefore, a syllable is inserted after coda. But in Korean, nucleus is connected with onset, not with coda. Thus, compared with Cantonese in which another syllable has to be inserted, the degree of autonomy of implicit mora correspondent to coda is high in Korean. Secondly, we analyse phonetic characteristics of the languages and investigate a possibility in autonomy of implicit moras. Since Cantonese speakers perceive implicit moras in a word final position as longer than in a word initial or internal position, implicit moras can be easily autonomous. But moraic nasal can often be autonomous in a word internal position. This may be because of an influence of syllabicity of nasal consonants in Cantonese. There is no relationship between recognition of implicit moras and location in syllable in Korean.Finally, in order to investigate recognition patterns of implicit moras in Japanese which is difficult for syllable-language speakers to perceive, we conducted an experiment of writing Japanese sounds with phonetic equivalent in their own languages. The result shows significance among the factors in the level of 5% an shows the order of recognition according to the first languages as in (1); (1)a. Cantonese speakers: the latter part of diphthongs > moraic nasals > long vowels ≒ geminates b. Korean speakers: the latter part of diphthongs > long voewls > moraic nasals> geminates The result also shows that implicit moras are not more likely to be autonomous in Cantonese than in Korean. Consequently we suggests that, as for recognition of implicit moras in Japanese, Cantonese speakers have more difficulty in perceiving the implicit moras than Korean speakers
教皇改革
Get PDF論文(Article)Le pontificat de Gregoire Ⅶ (1073-85), c'est la troisieme etape.En fevrier 1075, la synode romain promulgua le fameux decret contre l'investiture laique.Mais il ne fut pas mis en pratique immediatement. Il y avait une question encore plus grave: les relations entre les deux pouvoirs, le regnum et le secerdotium, l'Etat et l'Eglise, la place de la monarchie dans la societe chretienne. Donc la question des investitures etait secondaire. Pour assurer la libertas de l'Eglise, il fallait reorganiser l'Eglise et la societe sur l'autorite centrale, c'est-a-dire la primaute romaine. Gregoire Ⅶ declarait que desobeir au pape etait desobeir a la volonte de Dieu. Car la desobeissance est aussi coupable que l'idolatrie (ⅠSamuel 15:23). Il essayait de reduire rois et souverains, comme eveques, a n'etre plus que les executants de la volonte du pape. Cela suscita de vives reactions de dignitaires ecclesiastiques et laics. L'on peut presque dire que Gregoire Ⅶ entraina l'Eglise dans une impasse. Ce ne fut qu' apres avoir surmonte les difficultes de la periode gregorienne que la papaute reformatrice put proceder a l'etablissement de la primaute dans l'Eglise
贈与としての自殺 : 高度成長期以後の生命保険にかかわる自殺の歴史社会学
Get PDF論文(Article)In this paper, we elucidate how suicide related to life insurance has played a crucial role in the social life of Japan since World War II. In particular, since Japan’s period of high economic growth, it has been observed that suicides by middle-aged men, who tend to have higher life insurance subscription rates than other people, have drastically increased and that economic problems have occupied a more important role as the cause of such suicides. This transformation has a significant connection with the rapid spread of life insurance, which has been caused by the growth of the finance systems of small- and medium-sized enterprises, as well as the development of the nuclear family during the postwar period. Life insurance has supplied a large amount of capital for these enterprises and has enabled families to survive after a loved one’s death. As a result, suicide in connection with life insurance has been deeply imbedded in contemporary Japanese life. This reason for suicide has been utilized as a major means of donation to others and a symbolic challenge to the wealthy. Although it is estimated that suicide in connection with life insurance is now decreasing due to the transformation of economic conditions since 2000 and the changes in life insurance agreements, this sociological significance of suicide has not been lost
産官学連携による留学生教育の特徴と成果
Get PDF論文(Article)“Career Development Program for Foreign Students in Japan” pertained to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has been carried out by the MOT project in Graduate School of Science and Engineering in Yamagata University from October,2008 to September, 2011. This program is devoted to the Japan society education including skill education and Japanese language education for foreign students in order to enable them to find a job in Japanese corporation after the end of graduate school. A remarkable performance and achievement has been realized in this program in Yamagata University, and well learned around the country. Herein, the features of this program for foreign students via Industrial ‐ Academic ‐ Government cooperation will be elaborated, in conjunction with the review of the work of last few years. This research aims to show the achievements of foreign student education based on the local specialty of Yamagata area, and the remarkable influence on the globalization of local corporations by means of Industrial ‐ Academic ‐ Government cooperation in this program
「ソヴィエト記号論(モスクワ・タルトゥー学派)の位相とその哲学的・歴史的系譜の研究」
Get PDF研究報告書平成14-16年度科学研究費補助金(若手研究B)研究報告書 研究課題番号: 14710361; 研究代表者: 中村唯
「対話」篇『パイドロス』における<メディア>の問題
Get PDF研究報告書メディアの哲学の構築 : 画像の役割の検討を中心として : 平成19年度～平成21年度(2007～2009)科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(C))研究成果報告書 ; 研究課題番号: 19520007 ; 研究代表者: 小熊正久 ; p7-1
超越するトポス : 1830-40年代のペテルブルグ・モスクワ比較論について
Get PDF研究報告書近代世界文学におけるロシア表象の研究 : 平成17年度～平成19年度科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(C))研究成果報告書 ; 研究課題番号: 17520219 ; 研究代表者: 佐藤清人 ; p65-7
ネルソン・グッドマンの記号論(2):Pictorial Representationの分析を中心に
Get PDF論文(Article)以下において検討を加えたいのは，ネルソン・グッドマンが『芸術の言語』（第２版，1976年 ― 引用の際にはLAと略記）をはじめとする著作の中で提示した絵画に関する記号論的分析であり，特に，絵による描写・再現の働きについての分析である。グッドマンの記号論については，「例示（exemplification）」の概念に関わる部分については別稿（清塚[1999a]）において詳細な検討を行った。今回の論考は，それと対をなすrepresentationの概念を主題とする続編に当たるものである。この主題についてはすでに別稿（清塚[2002]）において，やや異なる文脈の中で部分的な形で紹介・検討を加えたことがあるが，本稿の課題は，絵による描写・再現と関わるグッドマンの理論をより完全な形で紹介し，それに対する修正提案の方向を明確化することにある