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Marble Wall Revetment in Roman Times: Materials and Techniques
No full textInternational audienceMaking marble wall revetment in Roman times required real know-how. Surprisingly,ancient sources are silent on the installation methods of revetment. The archaeologicalliterature is also sparse, but there are two schools of thought: one assumes that a plaster layer was applied before the marble slabs, while the other assumes that mortar was poured behind the slabs held in place by metal clamps. All point out the presence of shims on the plaster, although there has been no consensus as to their function. The recent discovery of an organic material (based on pitch and beeswax) helps us understand how these shims were laid: they were placed behind the slabs, before the slabs were installed, to hold them in place when the mortar set. Above all, it provides a clear understanding of how the Romans went about installing their marble revetment: choosing one or other of the two supposed variant methods as required. This synthesis also gives us the opportunity to present a typology of metal clamps and to discuss several adaptations of the technique, such as the practice at Pompeii of preparing the wall surface with a toothed chisel
3D models related to the publication: Hidden diversity of Palaeogene metatherians: a new family of polydolopimorphian marsupials from Peruvian Amazonia
No full textInternational audienceThis contribution contains the 3D digital models of some fossil specimens of Wamradolops telloi Stutz and Pozodolops manuelorum Stutz (Metatheria: Polydolopimorphia), from several Palaeogene locations of Peruvian Amazonia. These taxa were described and analyzed in detail in the following publication: Stutz et al. (2026), Hidden diversity of Palaeogene metatherians: a new family of polydolopimorphian marsupials from Peruvian Amazonia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag006
Intéractions avec le divin: canaux matériels du pouvoir et cohésion social à travers l'artisanat du métal dans l'Empire de Justinien: canaux matériels du pouvoir et cohésion social à travers l'artisanat du métal dans l'Empire de Justinien
No full textInternational audienceL'article explore les usages du métal dans le cadre des rapports économiques et sociaux impliqués par les pratiques dévotionnelles dans l'empire de Justinien
La mort, architecte du vivant
No full textInternational audienceSi pour beaucoup la mort marque la fin, la science montre aujourd’hui qu’elle chemine avec la vie, depuis l’origine du vivant et à travers toutes les branches de son arbre. Présente dès l’embryon, l’apoptose – la mortcellulaire programmée – sculpte nos organes, déclenche le cycle menstruel, renouvelle nos tissus et protège l’organisme contre la prolifération anarchique des cellules. Mais lorsqu’elle se dérègle, elle devient source ou complice de nombreuses maladies, des pathologies neurodégénératives au cancer, en passant par le sida. S’appuyant sur les données les plus récentes, Abdel Aouacheria signe une enquête biologique, historique et philosophique où les sciences du vivant renversent notre conception de la mort. Elle ne s’oppose plus à la vie : elle la sert.De la cellule à la société, la mort éclaire les dimensions symboliques autant que sociales, culturelles et politiques. La dichotomie vie-mort que nous connaissons s’avère trop réductrice. Il n’existe pas une mort, mais desmorts qui, comme les feuilles tombant à l’automne, nous apprennent en douceur à regarder la vie
Predicting climate impacts on health at subseasonal-to-seasonal timescales.
No full textInternational audienceThe potential to use subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction systems for outcomes in health is presented, using four case studies of malaria, dengue, heat waves, and meningococcal meningitis. While promising, many such applications are currently in the demonstration phase, and examples of operationalizing S2S-based early warning systems, fully integrated with decision support, have yet to emerge. Potential reasons for this operationalization bottleneck are discussed, which include restrictions on open access to health and climate data, the unfulfilled requirement for training in the use of such systems, and the mismatch between the prediction paradigm and the decision entry points in health-planning systems. The S2S project, sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization, may help to demonstrate the potential application of climate information, but the lack of real-time access inhibits the operationalization of evaluated systems. It is recommended that partnership platforms, established through the Global Framework for Climate Services and related mechanisms, enable the climate and health academic and operational communities to work together on real-time provision and assessment of health early warning systems. This is particularly important in developing countries where climate-driven health outcomes can be severe
A narrative review of the impact of anthropogenic light and noise on owls
No full textInternational audienceToday, owls are exposed to increasingly brightly lit nights and noisy environments because of human activities. To understand the impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN) and anthropogenic noise we performed an evidence synthesis. We searched four literature databases and Google Scholar and we collected 39 relevant articles (1945-2024) providing 125 cases (64 on light pollution and 61 on noise pollution), targeting 25 species (c. 10% of owl species). We found harmful effects of both sensory pollutants on several outcomes. First, ALAN tends to reduce acoustic communication and to be associated with a lower occurrence of owl species, although it is difficult to confirm whether ALAN leads to silent or absent owls. Moreover, ALAN disturbs owl-prey interactions. Although light probably improves owl vision, the light-avoidance behaviour of small mammals could result in poorer hunting success of owls feeding on mammals. Conversely, ALAN enhances food provisioning and even breeding of owls feeding on insects that are attracted by light, to the detriment of these prey populations. Second, human-induced noise clearly tends to reduce owl vocalization, yet that vocalization may be essential to communication between individuals. The ability of owls to detect prey (hunting success) is also reduced under noise exposure (even at low amplitude), probably as the result of masking and distraction. Studies also demonstrate that anthropogenic noise can cause physiological and behavioural stress and disturbance to owls. Such adverse effects may contribute to declines in reproduction and occurrence of owls observed in noisy areas. As a result, we recommend reduction of both sensory stressors as much as possible, for owls and for ecosystem stability, for example by maintaining and restoring quiet and dark areas. We also recommend more consideration of owls in sensory ecology research to fill knowledge gaps.De nos jours, les rapaces nocturnes sont exposés à des nuits de plus en plus lumineuses et à un environnement de plus en plus bruyant en raison des activités humaines. Pour comprendre l'impact potentiel de la lumière artificielle nocturne et du bruit anthropique, nous avons réalisé une revue de littérature. Nous avons interrogé 4 bases de données bibliographiques et Google scholar et nous avons collecté 39 articles pertinents (1945–2024) fournissant respectivement 125 cas (64 sur la pollution lumineuse et 61 sur la pollution sonore), ciblant en tout 25 espèces (~10% des Strigiformes ). Nous avons trouvé plusieurs effets néfastes des pollutions lumineuse et sonore. Tout d'abord, la lumière artificielle tend à diminuer la communication acoustique et est associée à une occurrence plus faible, bien qu'il soit difficile de confirmer si les chouettes sont plus silencieuses ou absentes. Il est indéniable que l'éclairage nocturne perturbe les interactions entre les rapaces nocturnes et leurs proies, ce qui peut expliquer en partie cette situation pour les espèces qui se nourrissent de rongeurs, selon les effets documentés de la luminosité de la lune: alors que la lumière améliore la vision des chouettes/hiboux, le comportement d'évitement de la lumière des petits mammifères pourrait entraîner un moins bon succès de chasse. Inversement, l'éclairage artificiel améliore l'approvisionnement en nourriture et même la reproduction des chouettes insectivores, probablement au détriment des populations de proies attirées par la lumière. Deuxièmement, les sons artificiels tendent clairement à diminuer la vocalisation des chouettes, pourtant essentielle à la communication (par exemple entre partenaires). La capacité des Strigiformes à détecter leurs proies (succès de chasse) est également réduite en cas d'exposition au bruit (même à faible amplitude), sûrement par un effet de masquage et de distraction. Les données démontrent également que le bruit anthropique provoque du stress et des perturbations, tant au niveau physiologique que comportemental. Ces effets négatifs peuvent être responsables de la tendance à la baisse de la reproduction et de l'occurrence des rapaces nocturnes qui est également observée dans les zones bruyantes. Par conséquent, nous recommandons de réduire autant que possible les deux facteurs de stress sensoriel—pour les chouettes/hiboux et pour la stabilité des écosystèmes—par exemple en maintenant et en rétablissant des zones calmes et sombres. Nous demandons également que les Strigiformes soient davantage pris en compte dans la recherche en écologie sensorielle afin de combler les lacunes en matière de connaissances
Contemporary neoadjuvant strategies for rectal cancer: The GRECCAR snapshot study
No full textInternational audienceAim Neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer has evolved markedly with the growing adoption of total neoadjuvant therapy ( TNT ), organ‐preservation strategies and selective omission of radiotherapy. Recent trials support risk‐based personalization, but its application in real‐world settings remains poorly documented. The aim was to describe current neoadjuvant treatment practices for mid‐low rectal cancer in French expert centres and identify tumour‐ and patient‐related factors influencing decisions. Method This observational study included patients with non‐metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma ≤10 cm from the anal verge, discussed in tumour boards (October 2022 to March 2023) across GRECCAR centres. Tumours were classified as early, intermediate‐risk or locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Neoadjuvant treatments were analysed according to tumour extension, location and age. Results Among 463 patients from 27 centres, the most frequent regimen was induction chemotherapy, mainly FOLFIRINOX, followed by long‐course chemoradiotherapy (CRT) (65%). This approach was used in 51%, 66% and 71% of patients in the early, intermediate‐risk and LARC groups, respectively ( p = 0.0060). TNT was more frequently administered for low‐ than mid‐rectal cancers, especially in LARC (86% vs. 71%, p = 0.016). In patients >75 years, CRT + consolidation chemotherapy and radiotherapy alone were proportionally more frequent. Among the early rectal cancers, those treated with induction chemotherapy + CRT had more advanced features than those treated with CRT alone (cT3: 80% vs. 43%, cN+: 62% vs. 10%, tumour size: 3.4 vs. 2.3 cm; all p < 0.001). Conclusion TNT with induction chemotherapy is the predominant neoadjuvant approach in French expert centres. Tumour classification, location and patient age significantly influence treatment choices, reflecting a shift towards personalized context‐specific care
Histoire du Coran. Texte et transmission: [résumé des cours et travaux : 2021-2022]
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Tara Polaris expeditions: Sustained decadal observations of the coupled Arctic system in rapid transition
No full textThe coupled Arctic system is in rapid transition and is set to undergo further dramatic changes over the coming decades. These changes will lead most likely to an ice-free ocean in summer, expected before mid-century. The Arctic will become more strongly influenced by atmospheric and oceanographic processes characteristic of mid-latitudes, increasing the prevalence of contaminants and new biological species. This ongoing transition of the Arctic to a new state necessitates systematic monitoring of all sentinels (variables that make an essential contribution to characterizing the Earth's state) to improve our understanding of the system, enhance forecasting and support knowledge-based decisions. Here, we describe a sustained multi-decadal observation program to be implemented on the Tara Polar Station between 2026 and 2046. The monitoring program is designed as a series of year-long drift expeditions, called Tara Polaris, in the central Arctic Ocean, covering all seasons. The multidisciplinary data will bridge ecological, geochemical, biological, and physical parameters and processes in the atmosphere, sea ice and ocean. In addition, data collected with consistent methodologies over a 20-year period will make it possible to distinguish long-term trends from seasonal and interannual variability. In this paper, we discuss specific measurement challenges in each compartment (i.e., atmosphere, sea ice and ocean) along key sentinels and the most pressing scientific questions to be addressed. The expected outcomes of the Tara Polaris program will enable us to understand and quantify the main feedbacks of the coupled Arctic system, with their seasonal and interannual trends and spatial variability.</div