Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and perceived post-vaccination adverse event: Findings from a cross-sectional survey
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: In Quebec, COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults was high for the first two doses but decreased for the subsequent booster doses. This study assesses the relationships between attitudes towards vaccination and self-reported experience and severity of adverse events following immunization (AEFIs).Methods: A web survey of Quebec adults who received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was conducted in September 2023. Participants share their level of vaccine hesitancy before vaccination and their experience with AEFIs after receiving a dose. Participants were asked to note the severity of the symptoms they believed were due to vaccination. Intention to receive other vaccines in the future was questioned. Two coders performed a qualitative content analysis on reported AEFIs (N = 3808). Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.Results: Among the 8419 vaccinated respondents, 46.7 % reported having experienced AEFIs. Fatigue or malaise (20.7 %), injection site disorder (17.3 %), musculoskeletal pain (11.2 %), headache (11.0 %), and fever (10.6 %) were the most commonly reported, respectively. Respondents who were very hesitant before the COVID-19 vaccine reported more frequently having a severe AEFI compared to those who were not hesitant (25.0 % vs 3.4 % =, p < 0.001). This affirmation stays true when all severity of adverse events are considered (68.7 % vs 36.9 %) (p < 0.001). Younger age (aOR = 0.98), being a female (aOR = 1.31), a higher education level (University degree aOR = 1.56 vs high school or less), being vaccine-hesitant in general (aOR = 1.69 vs non or less hesitant) were significantly associated (p < 0.001) with self-reported AEFIs in multivariate analysis. Self-reported AEFIs that prevented doing activities (aOR = 4.87) and being vaccine-hesitant in general (aOR = 4.94) were significantly associated with reduced intention to receive other vaccines in the future.Conclusion: Vaccine hesitancy could influence self-reported AEFIs and their perceived severity. Transparent and tailored communication explaining AEFIs while emphasizing strategies to mitigate these effects could helpful. Our findings also have implications for pharmacovigilance
La fable du « recyclage énergétique » des ordures ménagères : déchets plastiques, crise pétrolière et incinération dans les années 1970 et 1980 en France
No full textInternational audienceDuring the 1970s and 1980s, in the name of environmental conservation and the effort to save energy in the wake of the oil crisis, “thermal recycling” and “energy recycling,” more commonly referred to as the “energy recovery” of household and urban waste, was invented in France. These oxymoronic expressions hide the fact that the waste is incinerated, thereby rendering linear the life cycles of the natural elements from which they are made. From an ideological point of view, the expressions green a technique that was previously recognized as destructive. By identifying the industrial stakeholders and institutions that have promoted this expanding integration of waste, city, and energy, this article aims to challenge a contemporary truism, namely the virtuous nature of using urban waste to produce energy.Dans les années 1970 et 1980, au nom de la protection de l’environnement et de la recherche d’économies d’énergie générée par la crise pétrolière, on assiste à l’invention du « recyclage thermique » ou « énergétique », et plus communément de la « valorisation énergétique », des déchets ménagers et urbains. Ces expressions oxymoriques cachent en vérité leur incinération et donc la linéarisation des cycles des éléments naturels qui les constituent. Sur le plan idéel, elles permettent de verdir une technique reconnue jusque-là comme destructive. En partant à la recherche des acteurs industriels et des institutions qui ont promu une intégration croissante déchets-ville-énergie, cet article vise à dénaturaliser une évidence contemporaine : le caractère vertueux de l’utilisation des déchets urbains à fin de production énergétique
Effets de la traction animale à court terme sur le sol d'une parcelle viticole
No full textAnimal traction in agriculture is growing in France, particularly in viticulture. According to farmers, the use of animal traction improves soil quality. However, there are few studies on this topic. This work aims to evaluate the effects of switching to animal traction on a vineyard plot that has been worked with motorized equipment for decades. To do this, soil compaction, water infiltration rate, and microbial biomass were measured over two years. The objective was to estimate the short-term effects on the soil by comparing tractor-based, horse-based, and mixed methods. Although the significance of the results is limited, short-term trends seem to show a favorable effect of horse-drawn cultivation on soil physics and biology, compared to mixed and tractor-based methods. This supports the few studies in the literature on the subject, highlighting alternative management practices that are proving to be beneficial to agricultural soil health.La traction animale en agriculture est en développement en France, en particulier en viticulture. L'utilisation de chevaux de trait notamment permet selon les agriculteurs d'améliorer la qualité des sols. Pour autant, il existe peu d'études sur cette thématique. Ce travail vise à évaluer les effets d'un passage en traction animale sur une parcelle viticole travaillée de manière motorisée pendant des décennies. Pour ce faire, le tassement du sol, la vitesse d'infiltration de l'eau ainsi que la biomasse microbienne ont été mesurés sur deux années. L'objectif était donc d'estimer les effets à court terme sur les sols, en comparant une modalité tracteur, une modalité au cheval et une modalité mixte. Bien que la significativité des résultats soit limitée, les tendances à court terme semblent montrer un effet favorable de la modalité cheval sur la physique et la biologie des sols, par rapport aux modalités mixte et tracteur. Cela conforte les quelques études présentes dans la littérature sur le sujet, en permettant de mettre en lumière des pratiques de gestion alternatives qui s’affirment comme des solutions favorables à la santé des sols agricoles
Aurignacian groups at Isturitz (France) adapted to a shifting environment upon their arrival in Western Europe ∼42,000 years ago
No full textInternational audienceThe Marine Isotope Stage 3 is a context of considerable climatic instability. Establishing the link between global climate changes and their impact on the local ecological contexts and prey exploited by human populations is challenging. Still, it is necessary to understand better the local conditions where humans lived to unravel how they adapted to fluctuating environmental conditions. Here, we address this question by studying 250 osteodental elements from animals hunted and consumed by human groups at Isturitz, a rich and well-documented French archaeological site and one of the earliest in Western Europe where the Aurignacian technoculture has been attested. To do so, we set up a multiproxy approach (archaeozoology, three-dimensional dental microwear texture analyses, and stable isotopic analyses of δ18O and δ13C in enamel bioapatite and δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S in bone collagen) that informs us on a timeline from the first years to the last few days of an animal's life. We reconstructed their ecologies and paleoenvironments during the different Aurignacian phases at Isturitz. Our findings indicate that the first human occupations at Isturitz occurred under cold and arid conditions, rapidly becoming even cooler and drier. Limited changes are observed in the human-environment-prey relationship despite this unstable climatic context where significant changes in rainfall, temperature, and a gradual opening of environments and some changes in the faunal assemblage occurred. Our findings suggest that human groups hunted in similar territories and utilized comparable strategies throughout the temporal sequence. Our multiproxy approach, combining complementary analyses, provides a better understanding of the adaptation strategies when the first phases of the Upper Paleolithic were emerging in Western Europe
Exploring environmental justice and nexus approaches in Paris urban nature policies
No full textInternational audiencePathways to a just and sustainable future require integrated policies that account for the interlinkages between biodiversity, climate and human health. Cities have a vital role in implementing these approaches in their local policies to address urban challenges. However, significant knowledge gaps persist in understanding how current urban policies address the interconnections between issues, and in identifying nature-based initiatives that successfully replace siloed approaches with more integrated strategies. Moreover, these policies raise concerns for justice and equity, an important cross-cutting issue for environmental policies that is not always made visible. In this study, we analyzed how policy documents of Paris, France, jointly address the intertwined issues of biodiversity, climate and human health and its connections with environmental justice. We selected 32 plans addressing urban nature, spanning the period 2006-2022. We extracted and coded nexus and environmental justice information, as well as policy goals, actions, and actionability (budget, actors, indicators). We then conducted quantitative and statistical analyses. Few documents comprehensively targeted the entire nexus. Most of them focused solely on biodiversity or adaptation issues. Environmental justice, when mentioned, was mainly addressed by distributive interventions with unclear principles, and participation measures aimed at the general public, rather than specific recipients (e.g. vulnerable populations such as low-income people, children). This study offers new insights into the integrated governance of urban nature areas in large cities. It calls for a more in-depth translation of a nexus approach to city policies and a stronger consideration of environmental justice through detailed actions, with specific indicators
Adadi Maryam: a new perspective about the southernmost rock-cut church in the Ethiopian Highlands
No full textInternational audienceThis article presents a study of the rock-cut church of Adadi Maryam, located in the upper Awaš Basin (Oromia, Ethiopia). The few researchers who have taken an interest in this religious monument date it to the fourteenth/fifteenth centuries, when the Ethiopian Christian kingdom, initially established in northern Ethiopia, began its territorial conquest of the historic Šäwa region. However, new observations made on the external parts of the church have revealed several architectural inconsistencies, raising questions about the sequencing of cutting and use of the site. Comparisons with other Ethiopian rock-cut sites suggest an early phase of pre-Christian use. This study provides a new perspective on the question of the settlement of the upper Awaš basin during the medieval period (from the seventh/eighth to sixteenth centuries) and offers a discussion of local rock-cut practices reuse for diverse purposes, in this case by Christian communities.Cet article propose une étude de l’église rupestre d’Adadi Maryam, localisée dans le bassin supérieur de l’Awaš (Oromia, Éthiopie). Les quelques chercheurs qui se sont intéressés à ce monument religieux le datent des XIVème au XVème siècles, période à laquelle le royaume chrétien éthiopien, initialement établi dans le nord de l’Éthiopie, débute une conquête territoriale de la région historique du Šäwa. De nouvelles observations réalisées sur les parties externes de l’église permettent, toutefois, de signaler plusieurs incohérences architecturales, questionnant un séquençage de creusement et d’usage du site. Par le biais de comparaisons avec d’autres sites rupestres éthiopiens, il est possible d’envisager une première phase d’utilisation préchrétienne. Cette étude apporte une nouvelle perspective sur la question du peuplement du bassin supérieur de l’Awaš au cours de l’époque médiévale (entre les VIIème/VIIIème et XVIème siècles de notre ère) et propose une discussion autour de pratiques rupestres locales remployées pour de nouveaux usages, ici chrétiens
Chapitre introductif. Dialogues entre concepts archéologiques, objets empiriques et méthodes statistiques
No full textInternational audienceCette introduction présente une démarche pour faire dialoguer les sciences archéologiques avec les sciences statistiques. Cette démarche repose sur l’articulation de trois domaines : 1-le domaine conceptuel relatif au questionnement de l’archéologue qui porte sur des faits et phénomènes du passé ; 2- le domaine empirique qui est relatif à ce qui est observable, qu’il s’agisse des objets eux-mêmes (vestiges, traces de nature diverse) ou de leurs propriétés (issues de dénombrements et de mesures) ; 3- le domaine de la modélisation statistique qui implique de formaliser les données sous forme d’individus statistiques et de variables que l’on peut soumettre à l’analyse statistique afin d’établir des ordres de grandeur et de mettre en évidence des relations entre différents phénomènes. Il s’agit ainsi d’évaluer dans quelle mesure des objets et des propriétés observables dans le domaine empirique sont bien représentatives des concepts d’intérêt, pour ensuite les mobiliser pour construire des individus statistiques propres à être analysés par des méthodes statistiques. Une grille d’analyse est proposée et l’ensemble des cas thématiques présentés dans l’ouvrage y sont inscrits
Pharmaceutical Regulation and Incentives for Innovation in an International Perspective
No full textNational audienceWe examine pharmaceutical regulations and incentives for innovation from an international perspective, highlighting the public good nature of healthcare innovation and its cross-border diffusion. We summarize the empirical evidence on how push and pull incentives shape R&D investment, innovation, and global access. We emphasize the role of strategic interdependencies and spillovers, including free-riding in R&D financing, learning-by-doing effects, drug shortages, reference pricing, and parallel trade. We then provide new evidence on the international spillovers of pull incentives on innovation, showing that international cooperation and innovative institutions are necessary to better align national regulations with the global objective of sustaining pharmaceutical innovation
Peut-on penser une science économique sans mathématique? Un exemple d'application du modèle de Schelling
No full textLicenceAprès de brefs rappels de microéconomie, ce cours présente l'application du modèle de Schelling à l'explication de l'émergence d'une ségrégation urbaine qui dépend de la distribution de revenus des individus et de leurs préférences de voisinage. Une validation empirique est menée sur des données parisiennes
