Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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« Ce que l'on juge comme de l'inefficacité ou de la négligence doit être replacé dans la réalité des conditions de travail des agents »
No full textInternational audienceEntretien avec Julie Gervai
La gestion de l’inculte : régulation et règlementation des pratiques pastorales dans les monts du Cantal à la fin du Moyen Âge
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Reframing the filter bubble through diverse scale effects in online music consumption
No full textInternational audienceThe impact of platforms’ algorithmic curation devices on users’ consumption diversity has long since been the subject of debate in popular culture and academia alike. In recent years, methods to concretely appraise this debate have taken a comparative turn, with emerging research strands seeking to assess the influence of algorithmic recommendations relative to users’ organic behaviour (i.e. those with a relative lack of algorithmic influence). Nevertheless, as the contribution of this work clearly shows, contradictory findings that algorithmic devices may both foster “bubbly” confinement dynamics and diverse exploration appear to stem, at least in part, from tensions surrounding information representation and scale. Taking into account various scales, affordances, and diversity measures, the contribution of this work conducts an empirical analysis of approximately 50,000 Deezer users’ artist consumption histories across different affordances offering various degrees of algorithmic assistance. Transitioning through three scales of increasing aggregation—intra-sessions, inter-sessions and inter-affordances—our work underscores how shifts in perspective, particularly in information representation, can yield markedly different conclusions concerning the role of algorithmic devices in fostering diversity. However, when considered collectively, these perspectives coalesce to provide a nuanced update to the seminal filter bubble narrative: algorithmic curation devices may introduce more novelty than what users’ achieve organically, yet concurrently, this novelty is more semantically confined. Consequently, our research significantly contributes towards an enriched understanding of the intricate dynamics surrounding on-platform algorithmic devices
Information Disclosure in Preemption Races: Blessing or (Winner's) Curse?
No full textInternational audienceFirms receiving independent signals on a common‐value risky project compete to be the first to invest. When firms are symmetric and competition is winner‐take‐all, rents are fully dissipated in equilibrium and the extent to which signals are publicly disclosed is irrelevant for welfare. When disclosure of signals is asymmetric, welfare is highest when firms are most asymmetric, and policies that uniformly promote disclosure may backfire, especially when competition is severe. When firms strategically select their disclosure policies, a moderate subsidy for disclosure induces a low correlation between firms' policies, and thus maximizes welfare
Frederick Tryon and the Decoupling of Energy and Economic Growth in the 1920s
No full textInternational audienceThe roots of the decoupling debate do not begin in the 1970s, during a period riven by energy crises, as one might expect, nor do they begin in the 1980s, with the rise of the notion of "sustainable development". The earliest instantiation of the principles of decoupling can be found in the 1920s, when the North American economist Frederick G. Tryon published his article "An Index of Consumption of Fuels and Water Power" in the Journal of the American Statistical Association. This chapter reviews and analyzes Tryon's contribution in the context of the early 20th century, and in view of today's energy and ecological challenges
Learning Markov Processes with Latent Variables
No full textNational audienceWe present a constructive proof of (nonparametric) identication of the parameters of a bivariate Markov chain when only one of the two random variables is observable. This setup generalizes the hidden Markov model in various useful directions, allowing for state dependence in the observables and allowing the transition kernel of the hidden Markov chain to depend on past observables. We give conditions under which the transition kernel and the distribution of the initial condition are both identied (up to a permutation of the latent states) from the joint distribution of four (or more) time-series observations
Les modalités de construction de rapports conflictuels à l’État. Le cas de contestations parentales en Seine-Saint-Denis
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The Demand Elasticity of Health Care Spending for Low-Income Individuals
No full textWP TSE n°1477National audienceLow-income individuals are typically the most price sensitive segment of the mar-ket, but this is not true in the market for health care services. I show that low-income individuals have a smaller demand elasticity of medical spending with re-spect to coinsurance, relative to their higher income counterparts, using data from the RAND Health Insurance experiment. The null effect is driven by disproportion-ate share of low-income individuals who consume zero health care. The key insight is that low-income individuals may optimally consume zero health care because, when marginal utility of consumption is high, forgoing non-medical consumption becomes very costly
Co-benefits of nature-based solutions exceed the costs of implementation
No full textInternational audienceNature-based solutions offer multiple benefits for ecosystems and societies, supporting their inclusion in policy and practice. This study contributes to closing the gap in quantifying the multiple outcomes of nature-based solutions by assessing 83 nature-based solutions in the Alps. We assessed biodiversity co-benefits and the monetary value of four ecosystem services (heatwave mitigation, flood regulation, climate regulation, and landslide protection) provided by these nature-based solutions to their respective beneficiaries. Forest nature-based solutions showed high values for the four ecosystem services, river and wetland nature-based solutions showed high values for biodiversity, and urban nature-based solutions contributed a lower biodiversity value but were highly cost effective, benefiting a larger population. We estimated a 2.8:1 return on investment benefiting a total of 91,324 persons. We highlight the need for integrating biodiversity and multiple ecosystem services for future nature-based solutions funding and implementation, together with their role to mitigate and adapt to climate change
Discours de soutenance de la thèse : « Matérialité, accessibilité, frictions : une analyse sociotechnique des dispositifs autour de l'autisme et de la neurodiversité »
No full textDiscours de soutenance de thèse.Neurodiversity social movements, mainly driven by people with autism, claim a different way of communicating, and a sometimes controversial epistemology. These claims are nonetheless manifested via ordinary communication devices (blogs, books, demonstrations), and raise the following issues: what roles do communication devices, their materiality and accessibility, play in controversies around autism and neurodiversity? What is the place of these devices and their accessibility in social science inquiry practices? To answer these questions, the thesis sheds light on data from several (n)ethnographic surveys, using a mixed theoretical framework combining approaches from information and communication sciences, sociology and crip approaches. In particular, it shows that digital devices contribute to normalizing discourses on autism and encourage individuals to mask their disability and their access frictions. It shows how these devices normalize face-to-face interactions, through participatory surveillance, and an attentional and bodily adjustment. In the latter case, it articulates accessibility and table training, opening on the place of institutional tables in social science practices. It concludes with an epistemological reflection on the accessibility of the communication devices mobilized at each stage of the field investigation and insists on the co-constitution of practices in social sciences and controversies around autism and neurodiversity.Les mouvements sociaux de la neurodiversité, surtout portés par des personnes autistes, revendiquent une manière différente de communiquer et une épistémologie parfois controversée. Ces revendications se manifestent néanmoins via des dispositifs de communication ordinaires (blogs, livres, manifestations) et soulèvent les problématiques suivantes : quels rôles les dispositifs de communication, leur matérialité et leur accessibilité, jouent-ils dans les controverses autour de l’autisme et de la neurodiversité ? Quelle est la place de ces dispositifs et de leur accessibilité dans les pratiques d’enquête en sciences sociales ? Pour répondre à ces problématiques, la thèse éclaire les données issues de plusieurs enquêtes (n)ethnographiques à la lumière d’un cadre théorique mixte, combinant approches en sciences de l’information et de la communication, en sociologie, et approches dites crip. Elle montre notamment que les dispositifs numériques contribuent à normaliser les discours sur l’autisme, et incitent les individus à masquer leur handicap et les frictions d’accès. Elle montre comment ces dispositifs normalisent les interactions en face-à-face, à travers une surveillance participative, et un ajustement attentionnel et corporel. Dans ce dernier cas, elle articule accessibilité et entraînement à la table, ouvrant sur la place des tables institutionnelles dans les pratiques en sciences sociales. Elle se termine par une réflexion épistémologique sur l’accessibilité des dispositifs de communication mobilisés à chaque étape de l’enquête de terrain, et insiste sur la co-constitution des pratiques en sciences sociales et des controverses autour de l’autisme et de la neurodiversité