Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
Not a member yet
103682 research outputs found
Sort by
Changing the decision context to enable social learning for climate adaptation
No full textInternational audienceSuccessful adaptation often involves changes to the decision context to enable new ways of thinking and acting on climate change. Using 16 adaptation initiatives the authors were engaged with, we analysed how and why decision contexts changed to identify ways to improve adaptation as a process of collective deliberation and social learning. We used the scope of the adaptation issue and governance arrangements to classify initiatives into four types and scored changes in the decision context using three frameworks: (1) the values, rules and knowledge (VRK) perspective to identify changes to adaptation decision‐making; (2) the five dimensions of futures consciousness to identify the building of adaptation capabilities and (3) the social learning cycle to reveal evidence of reflexive learning. Initiatives using novel governance arrangements for discrete problems (‘problem governance’) or complex, systemic issues (‘systems governance’) scored highest for influences of VRK, futures consciousness and the social learning cycle on the decision context. Initiatives using existing management for discrete problems (‘problem management’) scored moderately for change in the decision context, while those using existing management for systemic issues (‘systems management’) scored low because change was often impeded by existing rules. All three frameworks influenced decision contexts in systems governance initiatives. Problem governance initiatives revealed interactions of VRK and futures consciousness but limited influence of VRK on the social learning cycle. Scope and governance arrangements differ with the adaptation issue and initiatives adapt over time: some small‐scale ones became more systemic, developed novel governance arrangements and changed the decision context. Our findings do not show that some adaptation initiatives are better or more transformative than others; just that their scope and appropriate governance arrangements are different. This questions the notion that successful adaptation requires building generic transformative adaptation approaches and capabilities. There is a diversity of arrangements that work. What is important is to align the approach to the adaptation problem. We suggest two directions for improving adaptation initiatives: first, by influencing how they can shift between problem and systems focus and between standard management and novel governance, and secondly, by using methods to diagnose and direct change in the decision context. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog
Care as Attention to Fragility and Confronting Resistance: Parents’ Narratives of Care Practices with Multiply Disabled Children
No full textInternational audienc
Apprentissage par transfert dans la famille exponentielle
No full textInternational audienceTransfer learning is a key method in machine learning, enabling the utilizationof knowledge acquired from pre-trained models to solve new tasks or improve performanceon similar ones. This work specifically focuses on the application of transfer learning withinthe framework of generalized linear models (GLMs), with an emphasis on the fine-tuningapproach.The main objective of this study is to deepen the understanding of the underlying mech-anisms of transfer learning in GLMs. We focus on a gain measure to quantify the benefit(positive or negative) of a transfer learning approach. To achieve this, we leverage the richconnections between GLMs, exponential family distributions, and Bregman divergences.L'apprentissage par transfert constitue une méthode clé en apprentissage automatique, permettant de tirer parti des connaissances acquises à partir de modèles préentraînés pour résoudre de nouvelles tâches ou améliorer les performances sur des tâches similaires. Ce travail s'intéresse spécifiquement à l'utilisation du transfert d'apprentissage dans le cadre des modèles linéaires généralisés (MLG), en mettant l'accent sur l'approche de réglage fin.L'objectif principal de cette étude est d'approfondir la compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents au transfert d'apprentissage dans les MLG. Nous nous concentrons sur une mesure de gain permettant de quantifier le bénéfice (positif ou négatif) d'une approche par transfert. Pour ce faire, nous exploitons les riches liens existants entre les MLG, les distributions de la famille exponentielle et les divergences de Bregman
Compte-rendu de Hagiographica hispana regnorum Aragonum et Castellae legionisque saeculo- rum ix–xiii. Vitae sanctorum, inventiones et translationes, libri miraculorum, hymni, éd. José Carlos Martín-Iglesias, Patrick Henriet, Álvaro Cancela Cilleruelo, Ainoa Castro Correa, Carmen Esteban Martínez, Turnhout, Brepols, 2022 ; 1 vol., CCLX–304 p. (Corpus christianorum. Continuatio mediae- valis, 310)
No full textInternational audienc
Universal social welfare orderings and risk
No full textInternational audienceHow can social prospects be evaluated and compared when there may be a risk on i) the actual allocations that people will receive, ii) the existence of these future people, and iii) their preferences? This paper investigates this question, which can arise when considering policies, such as climate policy, that affect people who do not yet exist. We start from the observation that there is no social ordering that meets minimal requirements of fairness, social rationality, and respect for people's ex ante preferences. We explore three ways around this impossibility. First, if we drop the ex ante Pareto requirement, we can obtain fair ex post criteria that take an (arbitrary) expected utility of an equally-distributed equivalent level of well-being. Second, if the social ordering is not an expected utility, we can obtain fair ex ante criteria that evaluate uncertain individual prospects with a certaintyequivalent measure of well-being. Third, if we accept that interpersonal comparisons rely on VNM utility functions even in absence of risk, we can construct expected utility social orderings that satisfy of a version of Pareto ex ante
Traditions techniques et séquence stylistique dans l'art rupestre levantin : une étude comparée entre le geste et la forme à travers la caractérisation des pigments de l'abri de Cova Remigia (Ares del Maestrat, Castellón, Espagne)
No full textInternational audienceLa séquence de l'art rupestre levantin a été principalement étudiée à travers une analyse typologique et formelle de la figure humaine, qui présente une variabilité plus importante que la figure animale. Cette variabilité semble résulter de facteurs à la fois chronologiques et régionaux. La séquence ainsi définie révèle une forte complexité, avec des variantes formelles significatives identifiées dans chaque horizon stylistique. En l'absence de datations absolues, il reste difficile d'établir des filiations claires entre ces horizons ou de préciser leurs relations temporelles et spatiales.Cette analyse préliminaire s'appuie exclusivement sur des critères liés au design des figures, réduisant ainsi la notion de style à des variables purement formelles. En revanche, la dimension technique — qui englobe l'ensemble des gestes, depuis l'acquisition des matières premières jusqu'à leur transformation et application — a été largement négligée jusqu'à présent, et ce malgré son potentiel pour établir des liens entre culture matérielle et sociétés auteures. Cette dissociation artificielle entre forme et technique soulève de nombreuses questions sur la caractérisation des traditions techniques de l'art rupestre levantin, leur dynamique temporelle et spatiale, ainsi que sur leur interaction avec la complexe mosaïque culturelle qui émerge à la suite de l'expansion du Néolithique dans le bassin méditerranéen ibérique à partir du VIème millénaire avant notre ère. Dans ce cadre, notre objectif est de proposer une approche intégrée pour l'étude des peintures levantines, en analysant l'ensemble des étapes des chaînes opératoires impliquées dans la réalisation des figurations. À cette fin, des techniques de caractérisation élémentaire et minéralogique (PIXE, spectroscopie Raman, MEB-EDS) sont mises en œuvre afin d'identifier la composition des couches picturales et leur signature chimique, permettant ainsi d'explorer la provenance des matières premières colorantes. En parallèle, des analyses morphologiques des phases chromogènes sont menées pour questionner les processus de préparation des pigments ainsi que leurs modalités d'application.Le traitement statistique des données issues de ces différentes étapes d'analyse permet de réexaminer les bases de la séquence stylistique levantine. Nous nous interrogeons notamment sur la possible corrélation entre les formes des figures et les chaînes opératoires, ainsi que sur leur évolution au fil du temps. Cette perspective offre la possibilité d'identifier des traditions techniques distinctes au sein de la séquence levantine et de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de transmission des savoir-faire.Pour aborder ces questions, l'abri de Cova Remigia (Ares del Maestrat, Castellón, Espagne) constitue un cas d'étude idéal. La richesse de ses représentations, combinée à la diversité formelle et thématique de ses figures, fournit un ensemble de données particulièrement pertinent pour répondre aux objectifs de notre recherche
The Old Folks at Home: Parental Retirement and Adult Children'sWell-being
No full textWe here use UK data and exploit the State Pension eligibility age to establish the causal effect of parental retirement on adult children's well-being in a Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design analysis. Maternal retirement increases adult children's life and income satisfaction by 0.20 standard deviations in the short run. These impacts are stronger for adult children with lower incomes, with young children of their own, and who live close to their retired parents. We emphasise the critical role of intergenerational time transfers from retired mothers in enhancing their adult children's well-being
Le succès des vins orléanais en France du Nord et outre-Manche (XIIIe-XVIe siècles), p. 111-118
No full textInternational audienceOrleans wines enjoyed an excellent reputation between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries, and exports to the British Isles are regularly documented under the Plantagenets and Tudors, both by river and by land. Production from the Loire, and specifically Orléans, was able to compete with wines from Gascony in various London trading posts and hospices in the south of the island. As the quintessential instrument of informal diplomacy, Orléans wine pots were used in a number of transactions and arbitrations, including with members of the royal court, before being surpassed by Spanish wines during the 17th century.Les vins d'Orléans jouirent d'une excellente renommée entre le XIIIe et le XVIe siècle, l'exportation vers les îles britanniques est attestée régulièrement sous les Plantagenêt et les Tudor par les voies fluviales comme terrestres. La production ligérienne, et spécifiquement orléanaise, parvient à concurrencer les vins gascons dans divers comptoirs londoniens ou hospices du sud de l'île. Instrument, par excellence, de la diplomatie informelle, les pots de vins orléanais accompagnent bons nombre de transactions et d'arbitrages y compris auprès de membres de la fcour royale avant d'être surpassés par les vins espagnols dans le courant du XVIIe siècle
The Political Economy of Safety Standards: The Different Approaches of France and Britain in the 19th Century
No full textThis paper offers a comparative history of safety practices around industrial risk in France and Great Britain in the 19th century. While the French government chose safety standards as its central tool for limiting the risk of explosion of steam boilers and gasometers (tanks for storing gas), the British government decided to rely on self-regulation by industrialists. The paper explores the political context in which safety standards emerged in France and the reasons for their rejection in Great Britain. While safety standards establish a minimum level of safety, the French Mining Administration that was responsible for devising and supervising the standards had significantly fewer resources than the specialized insurance companies that emerged in mid-19 th century Britain that effectively controlled risk. With a century of hindsight, the paper compares the effects of these two different ways of regulating industrial risk. Ultimately, the promotion of safety depended as much on regulations and institutions as on social demand for a safer industrial environment.</div
