Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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Heterogeneity of consumption responses to income shocks in the presence of nonlinear persistence
No full textNational audienceIn this paper we use the enhanced consumption data in the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (PSID) from 2005-2017 to explore the transmission of income shocks to consumption. We build on the nonlinear quantile framework introduced in Arellano, Blundell and Bonhomme (2017). Our focus is on the estimation of consumption responses to persistent nonlinear income shocks in the presence of unobserved heterogeneity. To reliably estimate heterogeneous responses in our un-balanced panel, we develop Sequential Monte Carlo computational methods. We find substantial heterogeneity in consumption responses, and uncover latent types of households with different life-cycle consumption behavior. Ordering types according to their average log-consumption, we find that low-consumption types respond more strongly to income shocks at the beginning of the life cycle and when their assets are low, as standard life-cycle theory would predict. In contrast, high-consumption types respond less on average, and in a way that changes little with age or assets. We examine various mechanisms that might explain this heterogeneity
Du cuivre romain à l'argent Gaulois: l'or de Toulouse, une production locale?
No full textInternational audienceLes données récentes de l'archéologie minière permettent de reconsidérer la question de l'or de Toulouse, mentionné dans les sources classiques. En effet, les recherches menées entre les Pyrénées et la Montagne Noire depuis une quinzaine d'années ont montré l'omniprésence de l'argent dans les minéralisations exploitées au second âge du Fer, notamment dans les cuivres gris. Si les ateliers de métallurgie primaire font encore défaut pour attester les productions, l'exploitation de ces gisements depuis le IVe siècle av. n. è. est confirmée au niveau régional, avec des techniques et une organisation qui ont donné lieu à des travaux d'ampleur dans plusieurs secteurs. Cela permet raisonnablement d'envisager une production d'argent conséquente, qui aurait pu alimenter un trésor toulousain, composé en grande partie de masses d'argent martelées
Réflexions issues du projet IABD sur la place que les territoires souhaitent donner à la recherche IABD qui accompagne les gestionnaires des brûlages dirigés dans les Pyrénées
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Dynamic (Mis)allocation of Investments in Solar Energy
No full textInternational audienceBecause they differ in terms of technology, size, and location, solar photovoltaic installations exhibit very heterogeneous levelized costs of producing electricity. Therefore, the present value cost of meeting a given trajectory of annual solar energy production depends on which projects are commissioned when: the observed sequence of investment decisions need not be cost-efficient. We propose a methodology to assess the magnitude of dynamic misallocation by comparing the present value cost of realized investments to a counterfactual optimal sequence of investments. Applying our methodology to France between 2005 and 2021, we find that the observed trajectory of annual solar output could have been produced at a present value cost about 30% lower than its realized value. Our optimized counterfactual suggests that investments in residential solar should have on average been postponed by seven years, while investments in medium- and large-scale installations should have occurred three to four years earlier
Ceux de Manouchian. Une histoire des communistes arméniens en France, 1920-1990
No full textInternational audienceCeux de Manouchian : la formule évoque les résistants communistes de l’Affiche rouge qui ont symboliquement suivi leur chef au Panthéon le 21 février 2024. Si le nom de Missak Manouchian renvoie au sacrifice des FTP-MOI et au poème d’Aragon chanté par Ferré, il incarne aussi un mouvement méconnu, celui des « rouges » de la diaspora arménienne. Née au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, formée de rescapés du génocide orchestré dans l’Empire ottoman par le gouvernement jeune-turc, cette diaspora se fracture politiquement dès sa construction. De l’Arménie historique ne subsiste qu’un résidu en Transcaucasie. Or, ce territoire autrefois intégré à l’Empire russe est devenu soviétique après avoir connu une éphémère indépendance entre 1918 et 1920. « Mieux vaut les Russes que les Turcs », se rassurent les uns. « Vive l’Arménie libre et indépendante ! », clament les autres. À cette configuration qui cristallise les divisions dans l’exil, s’ajoute un autre élément : soucieux d’organiser les travailleurs immigrés recrutés en masse dans les industries, le Parti communiste français crée les groupes de langue de la Main-d’œuvre étrangère (MOE puis MOI pour Main-d’œuvre immigrée). C’est ainsi que des Arméniens adhèrent au tout jeune PCF au mitan des années 1920. D’autres les rejoignent durant le Front populaire à l’instar de Missak Manouchian. La lutte clandestine contre l’occupant draine une nouvelle vague de militants. Certains font le choix de s’installer en Arménie soviétique une fois la paix revenue. Ceux qui restent en France animent la Commission nationale arménienne du PCF qui disparaît à la chute de l’URSS, tournant la page d’un mouvement à l’intersection des mondes arménien, soviétique et français. De cette histoire qui s’est déroulée en marge de la guerre froide, perdure un lien ténu entre le PCF et la communauté arménienne qui repose sur la mémoire de Manouchian
: Comprendre la gestion circulaire des déchets, du geste citoyen à l’infrastructure technique
No full textInternational audienceLes déchets sont au cœur d’un nouveau modèle économique dit d'économie circulaire où il s’agit autant de transformer les modes de conception, production et consommation des produits que de limiter la consommation des ressources et la production des déchets par la création de boucles créatrices de valeur économique, sociale et environnementale. Le premier chapitre de l’ouvrage expose les responsabilités et modes de gestion des collectivités et explicite le mouvement d’écologisation législative et règlementaire. Les trois chapitres qui suivent présentent trois types de tentatives pour sortir du vieux schéma in et out de la gestion des déchets (collectes-traitement-évacuation) et adopter une approche cyclique (matières et matériaux passent tour à tour de l’état de déchet à celui de ressource du fait de leur réemploi)
Beyond breakpoint – reconceptualising AMR as a symptom of planetary stress
No full textInternational audiencePlanetary boundaries range from climate change to biosphere integrity. They define the safe space for humanity. Ecosystem impacts on microbes are missing from a recent assessment showing six of nine boundaries are breached. Microbes represent enormous phylogenetic diversity and underpin multiple planetary systems. Here, we suggest that reconceiving AMR as a sign of ecosystem stress may enable us to steward our wider microbial commons, protecting planetary systems from being breached
Sweet child of mine: Parental income, child health and inequality
No full textInternational audienceHow to allocate limited resources among children is a crucial household decision, especially in developing countries where it can have strong implications for children and family survival. We provide the first large scale study linking variations in parental income in the early life of children to subsequent child health and parental investments across siblings in developing countries, using data from multiple waves of the Demographic and Health Surveys spanning 54 countries. Variations in the world prices of locally suitable crops are used as measures of local income. We find that children born in periods of higher income receive better health investments and display persistently higher levels of health than their siblings. Children whose siblings were born during favourable income periods receive less investment and exhibit worse health. These findings are consistent with a model of sibling rivalry where parents invest in the child with the highest returns and complementarities in investment across periods. We also provide evidence that other investments (education, parental time use and child labour) react to sibling rivalry. Our results suggest that income shocks can enlarge disparities within households.</div
Geographical and disciplinary coverage of open access journals: OpenAlex, Scopus, and WoS
No full textInternational audienceThis study aims to compare the geographical and disciplinary coverage of OA journals in three databases: OpenAlex, Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS). We used the Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources (ROAD), provided by the ISSN International Centre, as a reference to identify OA active journals (as of May 2024). Among the 62,701 active OA journals listed in ROAD, the WoS indexes 6,157 journals, Scopus indexes 7,351, while OpenAlex indexes 34,217. A striking observation is the presence of 24,976 OA journals exclusively in OpenAlex, whereas only 182 journals are exclusively present in the WoS and 373 in Scopus. The geographical analysis focuses on two levels: continents and countries. As for disciplinary comparison, we use the ten disciplinary levels of the ROAD database. Moreover, our findings reveal a similarity in OA journal coverage between the WoS and Scopus. However, while OpenAlex offers better inclusivity and indexing, it is not without biases. The WoS and Scopus predictably favor journals from Europe, North America and Oceania. Although OpenAlex presents a much more balanced indexing, certain regions and countries remain relatively underrepresented. Typically, Africa is proportionally as under-represented in OpenAlex as it is in Scopus, and some emerging countries are proportionally less represented in OpenAlex than in the WoS and Scopus. These results underscore a marked similarity in OA journal indexing between WoS and Scopus, while OpenAlex aligns more closely with the distribution observed in the ROAD database, although it also exhibits some representational biases
Phenomenal intentionality and the sense of togetherness: a defense of the consciousness-first approach to collective intentionality
No full textInternational audienceWhat is the relationship between the sense of togetherness and collective intentionality? While the nature of the relationship between phenomenal and intentional properties has been the subject of an extensive literature for individual mental states, it has rarely been scrutinized in the case of collective or shared mental states. In this paper, I propose to account for this relationship by defending a “consciousness-first” approach to collective intentionality. More precisely, I argue that collective intentionality should be considered as phenomenal-intentional, namely as an intentional property that obtains in virtue of a specific experiential property that I call “the sense of togetherness”