Portail HAL EHESS (École des hautes études en sciences sociales)
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Getting Around the Issue of the “Carbon Tax”
No full textInternational audienceWhen thinking about the genesis of the Citizens' Convention for Climate, one must inevitably think of its connection to the “Gilets jaunes” social movement, which was triggered in October 2018 by a rejection of the rise in fuel tax that the French government were intending to bring in. This chapter describes and analyzes the shift in the citizens' stance on taxing fuel. It shows how the members rapidly turned against the idea of a carbon tax and developed a range of different measures to limit vehicular carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. In parallel to their examination of the carbon tax, the citizens mused about the notion of social justice, which was part of the official mandate. After an initial rejection of the idea of carbon taxation, the citizens went in search of substitute measures, so the matter of taxation was not off the table
Correlates of food insecurity among university students in a disadvantaged socioeconomic area in France
No full textInternational audienceBackground and objectivesThe higher education student population is particularly concerned by foodinsecurity (FI), although data collected in France is limited and varies dependingon socio-economic contexts. This cross-sectional study aims, 1) to assess theprevalence of FI among university students in a socioeconomically disadvantagedarea, 2) to assess the association of FI with perceived school dropout, and 3) todescribe the socioeconomic, demographic and academic factors, as well as thecooking and eating conditions associated with FI.MethodsAn online survey was conducted (Nov 2022 to Jan 2023) among 5068 students(22% of the university population) enrolled at a university located in a lowsocioeconomic area. FI was assessed using a question with three responsemodalities: not having access to enough food (i.e. quantitative FI); not havingaccess to the desired food (i.e. qualitative FI); having access to enough of thedesired food (i.e. food security). Weighting was calculated (compared to theoverall student population of the university) using gender, study level, field ofstudy, country of high school diploma obtention, and training status. Multivariatemultinomial logistic regression models were used to identify associations between i)FI and school drop-out; ii) socioeconomic and demographic data, academic-relateddata, cooking and eating conditions and FI.ResultsAmong respondents, 60% were women and 21% reported financial difficulties ≥4(out of 5). After weighting, 11% and 35% reported quantitative and qualitative FI,respectively. In multivariable analyses, students reporting quantitative orqualitative FI were more likely to report school dropout than people reporting foodsecurity. Besides, reporting financial difficulties, living in a collective residence, nothaving cooking facilities at home, being an undergraduate, having obtained highschool diploma abroad, not cooking frequently, relying on food aid and eating aloneregularly were positively associated with both quantitative and qualitative FI.Being a man was associated only with quantitative FI. (P<0.0001)ConclusionsThis study reported a concerning prevalence of FI among students in adisadvantaged socioeconomic area. FI was associated with greater perceivedschool dropout, which may further increase socioeconomic inequalities. Bothstructural (e.g. socioeconomic status, accommodation type) and individual-level(e.g. cooking and eating conditions) factors were found to be associated with FI.These findings provide insight into the characteristics of students more likely toexperience FI and to be the target of interventions
Worlding geographies: A question of languages
No full textInternational audienceThis intervention responds to the ‘Geography in the World’ series, addressing the question from two angles. Firstly, it shifts the focus from geography in the world to worlding geographies. Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's concept of ‘becoming-minority’, it encourages reflection on the current geography of knowledge production as a historical, political, and linguistic construct. While this produces a dominance of English-speaking geography, this dominance is contingent and dynamic. We then invite scholars to consider the implications of such a hierarchy: depending on our position, ‘worlding geographies’ can reinforce the dominance of certain types of geography (e.g. white, male, and Western).As French-speaking geographers, we recognise our in-between position, that encompasses domination over former colonial areas, but also provincialisation, particularly with regard to English language production. We argue that ‘worlding geography’ must be considered in relation to our national and personal situations as a dynamic and hughly situated process. Secondly, as researchers and teachers of geography, we propose practicing theoretical multilingualism in our concepts, scientific praxis and teaching. Language is key to opening up geography to the world, recognising diversity, and acknowledging the different ways in which people express and conceptualise the world. This involves paying particular attention to the concepts we use and their origins, considering various case studies in our classes, and recognising that the world is already present in our classrooms. In short, we contend that the ‘Worlding Geography’ programme requires more extensive consideration of languages. ‘Worlding Geographies’ must be considered a praxis that combines theory and practice in all our scholarly activities
Fania Noël. - Dix questions sur les féminismes noirs ; Soumaya Mestiri, Pour un féminisme décentré. Recadrer, résister [compte-rendu de lecture]
No full textAllele Mining of Seed-Related Genes Reveals Early movement, Selection and Adaptation of Asian Rice Landraces
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Asian cultivated rice is one of the most important crops in the world. According to archaeological studies, carbonated rice grains in Taiwan were quite small before 3300 BP, but rice seeds from excavated sites became much larger later on. In the current study, we explored seed size differences by using genome re-sequencing, followed by allele mining of several seed-and adaptation-related genes to propose the early movement, selection and adaptation of Asian rice landraces.Results: Taiwan indigenous people are descendants of early Austronesians. We collected 116 rice accessions from Taiwan indigenous villages and used whole-genome re-sequencing to explore the mutations, early movement, selection and adaptation of world rice landraces together with landraces collected from all rice-growing areas in Asia. The morphology of Taiwan indigenous rice accessions featured huge variations, and the most primitive accessions were tropical japonica. Also, some grain size-related genes could explain grain size differences. Allele analyses revealed that some mutations in grain morphology-controlling genes may have been targets for selection. Mutation, movements, selection and adaptation occurred in early Asian rice cultivation. Our findings do not conflict with the "out-of-Taiwan" theory.Conclusion: he grain sizes of all rice subgroups studied had been selection targets, and seed size gradually changed along with the improvement of rice cultivation, via introgression and expansion (i.e., by human beings), over thousands of years.</div
Clustering in communication networks with different-minded participants
No full textNational audienceThis paper examines how the structure of communication networks influences learning and social welfare when participants have different prior opinions and face uncertainty about an external state. We analyze a game in which players form links to exchange opinions on the state and reduce their uncertainty. The players hold imperfectly correlated subjective priors on the state. Therefore, their opinions transmit their private signals with frictions, termed interpretation noise. Network clustering facilitates learning by eliminating this interpretation noise. Therefore, the egalitarian efficient network is: a complete component if the interpretation noise is sufficiently high, and a flower otherwise. This network constitutes a Nash equilibrium. These findings establish a link between a key feature of social networks (clustering) and the quality of learning through network communication, offering a potential explanation for the prevalence of clustering in real-world social networks
2015 - Récits et fictions du terrorisme: Textes réunis par Alexandre Gefen en collaboration avec le Programme 13-Novembre
No full textCe numéro présente une analyse approfondie des récits et fictions engendrés par les attentats de 2015 en France. Il examine comment la culture française a utilisé divers supports narratifs - témoignages, romans, documentaires, bandes dessinées - pour représenter et comprendre ces événements traumatiques
Photographing the homosocialities of a postwar French wind band through Pierre Fouilleul's albums (1943-1993)
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Éditorial. Le corps en patrimoine : techniques du corps et intimités patrimoniales
No full textInternational audienc
Abécédaire du 13 novembre. La terreur en toutes lettres
No full textInternational audienceDix ans après les attaques terroristes du 13 novembre 2015, les plaies ne se sont pas refermées. Il est d'autant plus nécessaire de prendre la mesure des traces et des impacts de cet événement monstre dans et pour la société française. Cet abécédaire, conçu par l'équipe "Ecrire le 13 novembre, écrire les terrorismes" propose de le faire en interrogeant les témoignages ou chroniques, romans et récits, pièces de théâtre, poèmes, chansons, bandes dessinées, ouvrages de littérature de jeunesse et théâtre jeunes publics qui leur ont fait écho. Contre les synthèses de façade, ses écrits alphabétiques prennent acte des désagrégations. Ils permettent à chaque lectrice et lecteur de s'emparer du choc et de ses répliques, pour entrer en dialogue avec des subjectivités créatrices. Couverture de l'ouvrage réalisée par Catherine Bertrand, illustratrice et survivante de l'attentat du Bataclan (13/11/2015), inspirée de son livre "Chroniques d'une survivante" (paru aux éditions de la Martinière en 2018)