Archive ouverte de l'ENAC
Not a member yet
3458 research outputs found
Sort by
Assessing how visual search entropy and engagement predict performance in a multiple-objects tracking air traffic control task
No full textInternational audienceBehavioral performance metrics employed to assess the usability of visual displays are increasingly coupled with eye tracking measures to provide additional insights into the decision-making processes supported by visual displays. Eye tracking metrics can be coupled with users' neural data to investigate how human cognition interplays with emotions during visuo-spatial tasks. To contribute to these efforts, we present results of a study in a realistic air traffic control (ATC) setting with animated ATC displays, where ATC experts and novices were presented with an aircraft movement detection task. We find that higher stationary gaze entropy – which indicates a larger spatial distribution of visual gaze on the display – and expertise result in better response accuracy, and that stationary entropy positively predicts response time even after controlling for animation type and expertise. As a secondary contribution, we found that a single component comprised of engagement, measured by EEG and self-reported judgments, spatial abilities, and gaze entropy predicts task accuracy, but not completion time. We also provide MATLAB open source code for calculating the EEG measures utilized in the study. Our findings suggest designing spatial information displays that adapt their content according to users’ affective and cognitive states, especially for emotionally laden usage contexts
Paradigme de Posner du laboratoire au monde réel :orientation de l'attention en espace avant et arrière
No full textThis multidisciplinary thesis at the frontiers of cognitive and computer sciences studies the ecological validity of Posner's paradigm and the factors that influence visuospatial information processing. Indeed, this paradigm, which is the most widely used to empirically study our attentional orienting abilities, has not yet crossed the laboratory doors. We still do not know how to optimize the information selection by directing the attention of individuals with the help of perceptual cues (light flash, sound beep, for example) in complex and ecological environments such as airplane cockpits, air traffic control towers, space stations or operating theaters. We used new technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality to replace the standard computer screen usually used to administer the Posner paradigm. Virtual reality first allowed us to test this paradigm in an immersive environment when concrete actions had to be performed by individuals. In this first study, participants had to retrieve ingredients located in front of them as quickly as possible. The results show similar effects to the classical paradigm, which suggests its transferability to immersive and ecological environments. A second study in projected augmented reality confirmed these results in an environment that gains further ecological validity. The 360° vision of VR allowed us to take into account a perceptual space that was previously neglected in studies on Posner's paradigm, the space behind us. Indeed, in many everyday situations, the information that we must prioritize is located beyond the frontal space. What method should be used to effectively guide individuals in this type of situation? To answer this question, we tested several modified versions of Posner's paradigm in VR. These experiments showed that information perceived through a reflection (mirror) had different reaction times than the same information perceived through a window. There would thus be a difference in cognitive processing of information perceived in front of us, depending on whether it exists behind or in front of us. Using information by reflection could therefore allow us to direct our attention backward. The last experiment proposes to validate this new paradigm of attentional orientation in the rear space in real conditions. This experiment consists of a classical Posner task in the laboratory to which screens have been added around the subject associated with the main screen to study these reflexive information effects (mirror effect). The totality of the experiments of this thesis allowed us to determine some of the factors that impact our ability to direct our attention in space (perceptual modality, type of cue, etc.). We were able to demonstrate the robustness of Posner's paradigm in ecological and interactive environments. It is therefore a tool of choice for determining the characteristics of the cues to be used to optimize attentional shifts in such environments. Moreover, we have been able to extend its scope by integrating the space outside the frontal vision. It is thus possible to imagine many reliable guidance tools at a lower cost: by integrating projectors in space stations or air traffic control towers; by adding mirror information or by using mirrors already present, as in the context of flight training; or by optimizing training programs in virtual or augmented reality to train pilots and surgeons.Cette thèse multidisciplinaire aux frontières des sciences cognitives et des sciences de l’informatique étudie la validité écologique du paradigme de Posner et les facteurs qui influencent la préparation du traitement de l’information visuospatiale. En effet, ce paradigme, qui est le plus utilisé pour étudier empiriquement nos capacités d’orientation attentionnelles n’a pas encore franchi les portes du laboratoire. Nous ignorons donc aujourd’hui encore, comment optimiser la sélection d’informations en orientant l’attention des individus à l’aide d’indice perceptif (flash lumineux, bip sonore, par exemple) dans des environnements complexes et écologiques tels que peuvent l’être les cockpits d’avions, les tours de contrôle aériennes, les stations spatiales ou les blocs opératoires. Nous avons utilisé de nouvelles technologies telles que la réalité virtuelle (RV) et la réalité augmentée en remplacement de l’écran d’ordinateur standard habituellement utilisé pour administrer le paradigme de Posner. La réalité virtuelle nous a tout d’abord permis de tester ce paradigme dans un environnement immersif lorsque des actions concrètes doivent être réalisées par les individus. Dans cette première étude, les participants devaient récupérer le plus rapidement possible des ingrédients situés devant eux. Les résultats montrent des effets similaires au paradigme classique ce qui suggère sa transférabilité en environnement immersif et écologique. Une deuxième étude en réalité augmentée projetée a permis de confirmer ces résultats dans un environnement qui gagne encore en validité écologique. La vision à 360° de la RV nous a permis de prendre en compte un espace perceptif jusqu’alors délaisser dans les études sur le paradigme de Posner, l’espace situé derrière nous. En effet, dans de nombreuses situations du quotidien, l’information que nous devons prioriser se situe au-delà de l’espace frontal. Quelle méthode utilisée alors pour guider efficacement les individus dans ce genre de situation ? Pour répondre cette question, nous avons testé plusieurs versions modifiées du paradigme de Posner en RV. Ces expériences ont mis en évidence que des informations perçues par réflexion (miroir) entrainaient des temps de réaction différents qu’une même information perçut à travers une vitre. Il existerait donc une différence de traitement cognitive des informations perçues devant nous, selon qu’elle existe en réalité derrière ou devant nous. Utiliser des informations par réflexion pourrait donc permettre d’orienter l’attention en arrière. Une dernière expérience se propose de valider ce nouveau paradigme d’étude d’orientation attentionnel dans l’espace arrière en condition réelle. Cette expérience consiste en une tâche de Posner classique en laboratoire à laquelle ont été ajoutés des écrans tout autour du sujet associé à l’écran principal pour étudier ces effets d’information réflexive (effet miroir). La totalité des expériences de cette thèse a permis de déterminer une partie des facteurs qui impactent notre capacité à diriger notre attention dans l’espace (modalité perceptive, type d’indice, etc.). Nous avons pu démontrer la robustesse du paradigme de Posner dans des environnements écologiques et interactifs. C’est donc un outil de choix pour déterminer les caractéristiques des indices à utiliser pour optimiser les déplacements attentionnels dans ce type d’environnements. De plus, nous avons pu étendre son champ d’action en y intégrant l’espace situé en dehors de la vision frontale. Il est ainsi possible d’imaginer de nombreux outils de guidage fiable à moindre cout : en intégrant des projecteurs dans les stations spatiales ou les tours de contrôle aérien ; en ajoutant des informations miroirs ou en utilisant des miroirs déjà présents, comme dans le cadre de vol en formation ; ou encore en optimisant les programmes de formation en réalité virtuelle ou augmentée pour entrainer les pilotes et les chirurgiens
A New Rapid Integer Ambiguity Resolution of GNSS Phase-Only Dynamic Differential Positioning
No full textInternational audienc
Improved Sensing and Positioning via 5G and mmWave radar for Airport Surveillance
No full text8 pages, 15 figuresInternational audienceThis paper explores an integrated approach for improved sensing and positioning with applications in air traffic management (ATM) and in the Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS). The integrated approach includes the synergy of 3D Vector Antenna with the novel time-of-arrival and angle-of-arrival estimate methods for accurate positioning, combining the sensing on the sub-6GHz and mmWave spectrum for the enhanced non-cooperative surveillance. For the positioning scope, both uplink and downlink 5G reference signals are investigated and their performance is evaluated. For the non-cooperative sensing scope, a novel 5G-signal-based imaging function is proposed and verified with realistic airport radio-propagation modelling and the AI-based targets tracking-and-motion recognition are investigated. The 5G-based imaging and mmWave radar based detection can be potentially fused to enhance surveillance in the airport. The work is being done within the European-funded project NewSense and it delves into the 5G, Vector Antennas, and mmWave capabilities for future ATM solutions
AEON – A keystone to sustainable green aviation!
No full textDescription du projet AEON, Advanced Engine Off Navigation, qui a pour objectif de favoriser l'utilisation de techniques de roulages écologiques pour les avions (TaxiBots, e-Taxi, single engine...)The aviation sector is known as one of the most polluting means of transportation, to the point that it is the target of an anti-flying social movement called ‘flygskam’ or flight shaming. Commercial flights contribute to about 2.1 per cent of global CO2 emissions, to which are added other gas emissions like nitrogen oxide and water vapour as contrails. Most research on new technologies aim at improving flight efficiency with a wide variety of levers from aircraft design and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to smoother air traffic management (ATM). However, it is often forgotten that aircrafts also spend considerable time on the ground, where they are far from efficient.https://www.internationalairportreview.com/article/161670/aeon-a-keystone-to-sustainable-green-aviation
Deep Reinforcement Learning based Path Stretch Vector Resolution in Dense Traffic with Uncertainties
No full textInternational audienceWith the continuous growth in the air transportation demand, air traffic controllers will have to handle increased traffic and consequently, more potential conflicts. This gives rise to the need for conflict resolution advisory tools that can perform well in high-density traffic scenarios given a noisy environment. Unlike model-based approaches, learning-based approaches can take advantage of historical traffic data and flexibly encapsulate environmental uncertainty. In this study, we propose a reinforcement learning approach that is capable of resolving conflicts, in the presence of traffic and inherent uncertainties in conflict resolution maneuvers, without the need for prior knowledge about a set of rules mapping from conflict scenarios to expected actions. The conflict resolution task is formulated as a decision-making problem in a large and complex action space. The research also includes the development of a learning environment, scenario state representation, reward function, and a reinforcement learning algorithm inspired from Q-learning and Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient algorithms. The proposed algorithm, with two stages decision-making process, is used to train an agent that can serves as an advisory tool for air traffic controllers in resolving air traffic conflicts where it can learn from historical data by evolving overtime. Our findings show that the proposed model gives the agent the capability to suggest high quality conflict resolutions under different environmental conditions. It outperforms two baseline algorithms. The trained model has high performance under low uncertainty level (success rate ≥ 95% ) and medium uncertainty level (success rate ≥ 87%) with high traffic density. The detailed analysis of different impact factors such as environment’s uncertainty and traffic density on learning performance are investigated and discussed. The environment’s uncertainty is the most important factor which affects the performance. Moreover, the combination of high-density traffic and high uncertainty will be the challenge for any learning models
Study of thermodynamic properties of trade-wind cumulus clouds with Remotely Piloted Aircrafts during the EUREC4A field campaign
No full textInternational audienceTrade wind cumulus clouds have a significant impact on the earth's radiative balance, due to their extensive coverage in subtropical regions but due to their characteristic size are still parameterized.<br>The feedback of low clouds on the climate system as well as biases still existing in their representation of Global Climate Models (GCMs) results in a climatic response with relatively large uncertainty and induce a significant divergence in GCMs. Many studies and campaigns have focused on a better understanding of the thermodynamic and macroscopic properties of cumulus clouds with ground-based and satellite-based remote sensing<br>and also in-situ observations from aircraft flights, but few provide information on the three-dimensional properties of individual cumulus clouds. Our understanding of cumulus clouds is also based on high-resolution numerical simulations (LES: 25m, 5m of resolution) that reproduce the<br>average characteristics of cumulus clouds fairly reliably, yet these simulations still depend on parametrizations (turbulence and microphysics).<br>The development of a fleet the sampling of RPAs (Remotely Piloted Aircraft) contributes to the increase in the resolution of the sampling of the evolution of cloud microphysical properties. Recent studies have permitted to have an autonomous adaptive sampling and a mapping using Gaussian<br>Process Regression to interpolate missed values during exploration.<br>An experimental strategy has been developed and tested in a cumulus cloud field simulated in a LES simulation with the Meso-NH model by implementing a simulator of RPA flights. During the EUREC4A field campaign in Barbados in January-February, more than forty RPAs flights have been conducted and thermodynamic properties of cumulus clouds were studied in three dimensions using miniaturized instruments installed on-board (PTU probe, cloud sensor). We validate first the results of cloud sensor with an other microphysics instrument. Several clouds were followed for about ten minutes and their thermodynamic evolution have been compared to cumulus clouds simulated in the LES
RFC 8975 Network Coding for Satellite Systems
No full textInternet Research Task Force, Request For Comments (RFC) 8975, https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc8975/This document is a product of the Coding for Efficient Network Communications Research Group (NWCRG). It conforms to the directions found in the NWCRG taxonomy (RFC 8406). The objective is to contribute to a larger deployment of Network Coding techniques in and above the network layer in satellite communication systems. This document also identifies open research issues related to the deployment of Network Coding in satellite communication systems.IETF/IRTF Request for Comment
Flight Testing of Dynamic Soaring Part-1 : Leeward Inclined Circle Trajectory
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents flight experiments of dynamic soaring as an inclined circle trajectory on the leeward side of a ridge. Energy extraction through dynamic soaring can improve the range and endurance performance of fixed-wing vehicles on certain missions such as ocean monitoring, or flying over orographic wind sources. Real-life application of autonomous dynamic soaring presents challenges such as poor and limited sensor measurements, limited computation, estimation of the dynamic wind field. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of dynamic soaring in the shear layer with a small autonomous glider and showed the positive power contributing segments which are ascending into the positive wind gradient, and descending into the negative wind gradient. Flight test results revealed that, without any complex trajectories, on average, the glider can extract close to 60% of its required power from dynamic soaring. Additionally, a 6-DOF simulation environment is developed with a realistic aircraft model for the initial simulation of advanced trajectories. The results from the flight tests will serve as a database for the researchers to close the gap between simulations and the real flights to achieve a fully autonomous dynamic soaring