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A Methodology and a Tool to Support the Sustainable Design of Interactive Systems
No full textInternational audienceSustainable HCI was initially structured along two axes: sustainability in design, i.e. reducing the material impact of software and hardware, and sustainability through design, i.e. influencing user behavior to reduce energy consumption. These approaches have been criticized for being reductive and insufficient in the face of the systemic problem of ecological transition. Some voices in the HCI community call for a broader consideration of non-human aspects in HCI and argue that new methods and tools should be developed for this purpose. The thesis aims at proposing a methodology to understand the interactions between the system to be designed (e.g. agricultural robot) and the dynamics of the socio-technical and social system (e.g. the agriculture and food sectors), in order to avoid simplistic solutions that could be counter-productive (e.g. rebound effect). It draws on the methods, tools, and techniques of systemic design (a recent field of research that brings together design and systems thinking) in order to build, with the stakeholders and the help of experts, a model of the socio-technical system, its dynamics, and its possible interactions with the system to be designed. The aim is not to build a "digital twin" of the socio-technical system from which one could predict its evolution, but rather to co-build a handmade and approximate model to support debate, to inform decisions, and to compare scenarios. To this end, the thesis proposes a "quali-quantitative" modeling tool based on the formalism of causal loop diagrams
Towards a Multidisciplinary Approach for Designing Multimodal Sensory Communication Devices for Aeronautics
No full textInternational audienceDeaf pilots in France are currently allowed to fly planes with the help of a second pilot handling voice and radio communication. Yet, they are not allowed to pilot independently. Fans4All is an association that aims at making aeronautics more accessible to pilots who are hearing or speaking impaired (HSI). In this paper we present our experience as a multidisciplinary design team (including two HSI pi-lots) working towards this goal. We present the current and past steps to develop a Multimodal Sensory Communication Device (MSCD) composed of a touchscreen tablet and a haptic jacket, as well as the visual vocabulary to define messages between HSI pilots and air traffic controllers. Moreover, we present our approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods for evaluation. We hope that our work will help making aeronautics more accessible to people with impairments
Investigation on Vertical Resolution of Atmospheric Simulations for the Propagation in Realistic Turbulent Media
No full textInternational audienceIn split-step methods, the contribution of tropospheric scintillation on the propagating electric field is taken into account by modifying the phase of the signal. The extended-LES method has been proposed to generate phase screens that precisely model atmospheric turbulence. It consists in extending the 3D refractive index fields obtained for the large scales of the medium resolved from atmospheric large eddy simulations (LES) to subrange scales following the K41 theory. In this article, we investigate the impact of the vertical LES resolution on an X-band 2D propagation case. To do so, the extended-LES method is tested in a BOMEX Marine Boundary Layer numerically generated for 3 different vertical meshes. Finally, a log-amplitude variance comparison tends to show that propagation results are dependent on the vertical LES resolution at 10 GHz
BEAT-Traffic: a Blockchain-Enabled infrastructure for Anonymous-yet-Traceable Traffic reporting
No full textInternational audienceIntelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have become increasingly popular in recent years, and are viewed as the future of transportation. These systems rely heavily on open communication networks to ensure road safety and efficiency. However, the rapid and secure sharing of information over large-scale cyber-physical systems such as ITS poses significant challenges, including data lineage, data consistency, access rights management, and privacy preservation. In this paper, we propose a solution to improve the sharing of sensitive data over ITS using blockchains and distributed cryptography. We demonstrate how these technologies can be applied to the reporting of Road Hazard Warnings, creating a blockchain-based data collection system that ensures the dissemination and security of reported messages. Our approach combines blockchains and group signatures to achieve the necessary security properties, including privacy preservation and censorship resistance, while maintaining performance levels comparable to existing literature. We provide a theoretical analysis of the solution's security properties and expected performance characteristics. Our results demonstrate the potential of blockchain-based solutions for addressing the challenges of secure and efficient information sharing in ITS. We believe that our work will contribute to the development of secure and privacy-preserving ITS systems, and encourage further exploration of blockchain-based solutions in the field of intelligent transportation
Design Fictions : Vers une aviation raisonnée dans une société raisonnée
No full textLa situation de danger climatique dans laquelle nous nous trouvons représente un risque terrible pour nos sociétés, mais c’est aussi une formidable opportunité pour repenser et faire évoluer nos modes de vie, nos organisations et notre rapport à la planète. Pour autant, penser la durabilité n’est pas chose facile. Nous devons adapter et élargir les concepts que nous maîtrisons afin d’être capable d’embrasser la complexité du problème. Le transport aérien étant une activité emblématique, au cœur de nos sociétés, est aujourd’hui frappé de plein fouet par les bouleversements qui s’annoncent, car c’est un secteur consommateur de grandes quantités d’énergie fossile. Cependant, repenser nos modes de vie en éliminant purement et simplement les déplacements aériens est un peu simpliste. Le but de ce projet est de formuler des scénarios contrastés qui illustrent le fonctionnement des transports aériens ainsi que les sociétés et les modes de vie associés dans un futur aux environs de 2100. Ces scénarios devront être exprimés comme des "design fictions", suffisamment explicites pour que cela permette la réflexion et le débat, dans un format qui illustre bien les modes de vie proposés tout en détaillant leur complexité (Exemples : bande dessinée, vidéo, pièce de théâtre, fresque, nouvelle illustrée, simulation, numéro du 27 septembre 2100 d’un grand journal national...)
Tactilient: Turbulence resilient tactile icons for pilot feedback
No full textInternational audienceGiven the high attentional demand in aircraft cockpits, tactons can be used to deliver information without overloading the visual and auditory channels. However, aircraft are subject to turbulence that interfere with vibrotactile feedback. To investigate the impact of turbulence on tacton identification, 18 participants tried to identify 9 tactons with varying intensity and rhythm, while experiencing uncomfortable and very uncomfortable levels of mechanical vibration defined in ISO 2631-1. The results show that the effectiveness of tactile communication decreases with the rhythm identification performance as the level of turbulence increases. In our study, an RMS acceleration delta of 0.70 Grms between two consecutive tactons guaranteed near zero confusion. Based on their experience performing the study, participants built tactons that included 4 pulses, lasted for at least 350 ms and vibrated at no less than 1.25 Grms to be comfortably perceived. Our results will support practitioners for designing tactons that can be more resilient to turbulence
Working with Forensic Practitioners to Understand the Opportunities and Challenges for Mixed-Reality Digital Autopsy
No full textInternational audienceForensic practitioners analyse intrinsic 3D data daily on 2D screens. We explore novel immersive visualisation techniques that enable digital autopsy through analysis of 3D imagery. We employ a usercentred design process involving four rounds of user feedback: (1) formative interviews eliciting opportunities and requirements for mixed-reality digital autopsies; (2) a larger workshop identifying our prototype's limitations and further use-cases and interaction ideas; (3+4) two rounds of qualitative user validation of successive prototypes of novel interaction techniques for pathologist sensemaking. Overall, we find MR holds great potential to enable digital autopsy, initially to supplement physical autopsy, but ultimately to replace it. We found that experts were able to use our tool to perform basic virtual autopsy tasks, MR setup promotes exploration and sense making of cause of death, and subject to limitations of current MR technology, the proposed system is a valid option for digital autopsies, according to experts' feedback.-Warning: This paper contains sensitive images which are 3D visualisation of deceased people. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Interaction techniques; Empirical studies in HCI; Visualization application domains
Comparison of genomic-enabled cross selection criteria for the improvement of inbred line breeding populations
No full textInternational audienceA crucial step in inbred plant breeding is the choice of mating design to derive high-performing inbred varieties while also maintaining a competitive breeding population to secure sufficient genetic gain in future generations. In practice, the mating design usually relies on crosses involving the best parental inbred lines to ensure high mean progeny performance. This excludes crosses involving lower performing but more complementary parents in terms of favorable alleles. We predicted the ability of crosses to produce putative outstanding progenies (high mean and high variance progeny distribution) using genomic prediction models. This study compared the benefits and drawbacks of seven genomic cross selection criteria (CSC) in terms of genetic gain for one trait and genetic diversity in the next generation. Six CSC were already published and we propose an improved CSC that can estimate the proportion of progeny above a threshold defined for the whole mating plan. We simulated mating designs optimized using different CSC. The 835 elite parents came from a real breeding program and were evaluated between 2000 and 2016. We applied constraints on parental contributions and genetic similarities between selected parents according to usual breeder practices. Our results showed that CSC based on progeny variance estimation increased the genetic value of superior progenies by up to 5% in the next generation compared to CSC based on the progeny mean estimation (i.e. parental genetic values) alone. It also increased the genetic gain (up to 4%) and/or maintained more genetic diversity at QTLs (up to 4% more genic variance when the marker effects were perfectly estimated)
Bringing Explainability to Autoencoding Neural Networks Encoding Aircraft Trajectories
No full textInternational audienceAutoencoders, a class of neural networks, have emerged as a valuable tool for anomaly detection and trajectory clustering: they produce a compressed latent space and capture essential features in the data. However, their lack of interpretability poses challenges in the context of ATM, where clear-cut explanations are crucial. In this paper, we investigate this issue by exploring visual methods to enhance the interpretability of autoencoders applied to aircraft trajectory data. We propose techniques to extract meaningful information from the structure of the latent space, and to promote a better understanding of generative models behaviours. We present insights from two simplified and real-world datasets and evaluate the structure of the latent space of autoencoders. Furthermore, we introduce suggestions for more realism in trajectory generation based on Variational Autoencoders (VAE). This study offers valuable recommendations to developers in the field of ATM, fostering improved interpretability and thus safety for generative AI in air traffic management
UAV Traffic Management : A Survey On Communication Security
No full textUnmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have a wide variety of applications, and their development in terms of capabilities is continuously evolving. Many missions performed by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) require flying in public airspace. This requires very high safety standards, similar to those mandatory in commercial civil aviation. A safe UAV Traffic Management (UTM) requires several communication links between aircraft, their pilots and UTM systems. The integrity of these communication links is critical for the safety of operations. Several security requirements also have to be met on each of these links. Unfortunately, current cryptographic standards used over the internet are most often not suitable to UAS due to their limited resources and dynamic nature. This survey discusses the security required for every communication link in order to enable a safe traffic management. Research works focusing on the security of communication links using cryptographic primitives are then presented and discussed. Authentication protocols developed for UAVs or other constrained systems are compared and evaluated as solutions for UAS security. Symmetrical alternatives to the AES algorithm are also presented. Works to secure current UTM protocols such as ADS-B and RemoteID are discussed. The analysis reveals a need for the development of a complete secure architecture able to provide authentication and integrity to external systems (other aircraft, UTM systems...)