International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Cytotoxic Activity of Phenolic Compound Isolated From Pandanus Odorattissimus against (MDA-MB-231) Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Get PDFThe present study reports potential activities like cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic activity of phenolic compound 4-(4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-1-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl acetate isolated from methanolic extract of Pandanus odorattissimus. The compound showed a significant cytotoxic effect on MDA-MB-231 cell line. Exposure of the compound reduced the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells after 24, 48 and 72 hours, the compound exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. The compound also induced significant DNA damage. The results of comet assay with pattern of the MDA-MB-231 cells has shown an intact head and complete absence of DNA fragments in the form of tail suggesting that the doses are not genototoxic. The phenolic compound at concentration of 20 µg/mL, showed an increase in percentage tail of DNA upto 5.87 units when compared to control 5.05.
 
Population Monitoring of Diamondback Moth (Plutella Xylostella) and Evaluating Its Attacking Impact on Growth & Yield of Cauliflower at District Tando Allahyar
Get PDFThis study was intended to evaluate the population monitoring of diamondback moth and its attacking impact on growth and yield of cauliflower, at District Tando Allahyar. The experimental site is located at 25.27570 N and 68.421500 E. Two local varieties (sathri and nawri) of cauliflower were cultivated. The population of DBM was monitored for the entire crop period using direct count and light trap methods. Twenty five plants were randomly selected for direct count observations and a light trap was installed at the field. The impact of DBM attack on growth, leaf quality and yield of cauliflower was analyzed by selecting and labelling 25 plants at the time of sowing. The results indicate that, the mean values of DBM population under direct count method was ranging from 0.24 to 2.15. The maximum (2.15) and minimum (0.24) mean values were observed on 4th and 12th (last) week, respectively. Under light trap method, the maximum and minimum DBM population was observed on the 6th and 12th week, respectively. The population trend indicates a rapid increase to gradually decrease in the number of moths. Statistically, a significant difference was observed in DBM population throughout the observations. With regard to the growth and yield of cauliflower, the results indicate that, the height of leaf was reduced by 12.38, 23.19, 35.69, 41.45 and 45.72 %, weight of leaf was reduced by 12.55, 21.24, 28.98, 40.33 and 48.93 % and the average yield of flower was reduced by 9.26 %, 17.78 %, 27.41 %, 36.11 % and 46.48 %, under the DBM attack of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 moths, respectively. Under leaf quality assessment, the leaf was observed with one or several colors from light green, pale, light yellow, dark yellow, brown and red. From the outcomes of this study, it is recommended that, the DBM at larvae stage highly damaged the cauliflower growth rate and reduces the crop yield. Therefore, the regular scouting of pest should be carried out and the recommended application rate of pesticides should be applied for effective management of diamondback moth particularly in cauliflower.
 
Isolation of Papain from leaf & latex of Papaya (Carica Papaya) and study of various factors affecting enzyme activity.
Get PDFPapain (EC 3.4.22.2) is an endolytic plant cysteine protease enzyme which is present in papaya (Carica papaya). Papain shows extensive proteolytic activity towards proteins, amino acid esters and amide links and its applications in the fields of food and medicine are ever emerging .The objective of this study was to extract papain enzyme from leaf & latex of Papaya plant by grinding and salt extraction methods using ammonium sulfate. The identification of papain was done using casein as substrate and enzyme concentration was determined using Lowry method. The enzyme activity from both sources of leaf and latex was shown optimum at 50 mM concentration of Casein and at pH 7.0 for leaf and pH 6.0 for latex papain. The optimum temperature for both leaf and latex papain was shown to be as 60o C. The leaf and latex papain have shown only marginal differences in their activities at various factors and this study provides an easy procedure for isolation and characterization of papain for various other purposes.
 
Focus on Estimation and Antioxidant Studies of Salacia Species
Get PDFSalacia is a valuable medicinal genus found to be composed of various secondary metabolites. Hence, the present study was aimed to estimate three important secondary metabolites such as phenol, flavonoid and tannin. Antioxidant assays such as DPPH assay and ABTS assay and Total Antioxidant Capacity were also studied for this medicinal genus. Seven species of Salacia were considered for this present study. They are Salacia beddomei Gamble, Salacia chinensis L, Salacia fruticosa Heyne ex Lawson, Salacia gambleana Whiting & Kaul, Salacia macrosperma Wight, Salacia malabarica Gamble, and Salacia oblonga Wall. Various concentrations such as 20µg, 40µg, 60 µg, 80 µg and 100 µg were taken for all studies and the values are entered in terms of Mean±SD. In case of DPPH assay and ABTS assay, IC50 values are calculated using ANNOVA and Total Antioxidant Capacity was calculated using a calibration curve.
 
Antibacterial Activity of Fungal Endophytes Isolated from Wattakaka volubilis (Linn.f.), A medicinal plant from Telangana, India.
Get PDFEndophytic fungi are known to produce a wide range of metabolites of pharmacological importance. Endophytes associated with medicinal plants are targets for intensive research. This research paper deals with the endophytic fungi isolated from Wattakaka volubili also known as Dudipala, a high valued medicinal plant in traditional medicine. A total of 39 fungal species representing mostly imperfect fungi were isolated from different plant parts. The fungal species varied with geographic and environmental conditions of the same host species. Among different genera, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Phoma and mycelia sterilia were dominant. Solvent extracts of five endophytic fungi viz Aspergillus oryzae, Diplodia andamanensis, Fusarium graminearum, Penicillium rubrum and Rhizoctonia bataticola were tested against four human pathogenic bacteria, Antibacterial activity varied with the fungus as well as solvent. The inhibitory activity is very prominent on E.coli. Hexanol and chloroform extracts activity is very close to streptomycin. In light of these observations it is recommended that the pure extracts need to further test for antibacterial activity.
 
Impact of fertilizer urea on liver histopathology of fresh water snake head, Channa punctata
Get PDFThe widespread use of agrochemicals such as fertilizers in agricultural practices have been predicted to show adverse effects on fish, since bulk of the fertilizers sprayed on agricultural crops find way into water bodies. The effect of commonly used fertilizer, urea on histopathology of fresh water teleost fish Channa punctata was studied. The median lethal concentration after exposing fish to urea for 96 hours (96-h LC50) was found to be 19.75 gL-1 and for the chronic toxicity tests spanning for 28 days, sublethal concentrations of urea, viz., 1.97 g L−1 (1/10th 96-h LC50) and 9.87 g L−1 (1/2 of 96-h LC50) were considered. Accordingly, two test groups having 3 replicates with 5 fish in each one were exposed to 1.97 g L−1 and 9.87 g L−1 urea. Control in tap water without urea was simultaneously run. After 28 days of chronic exposure fish liver samples were collected, processed, stained in Hematoxylin-Eosin and observed under light microscope for histopathological alterations. The liver of control group were normal while the fish exposed to urea showed signs of hepatic alterations such as dilation of sinusoids, vacuolation and necrosis, with severity increasing with dose. This study revealed that urea, which seems innocuous, could actually induce various histopathological anomalies in fish, posing a threat to ecosystem.
 
Larvicidal Efficacies of Certain Plant Extracts against Fourth Instar Larvae of Aedes albopictus Skuse
Get PDFAsian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) is becoming a competent vector for dengue, chikungunya and other viruses. Most common insecticides and repellents may exert toxic effect on non-target organisms including man. Hence alternative vector management strategies need to be explored. Biopesticides including plant products may be employed as mosquito control agents. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the insecticidal potential of aqueous leaf extracts of Clerodendrum infortunatum, Ailanthus excelsa, Aloe vera and Sesbania grandiflora on mortality of fourth instar larvae of Aedes albopictus. Larvicidal effect was studied at doses ranging from 100 to 600 ppm. The results indicate that aqueous leaf extracts of C. infortunatum (LC50- 614.6ppm) showed a higher mortality rate than A. excelsa, A. vera and S. grandiflora. Biochemical analyses revealed an increase in protein, glycogen and lipid concentration in plant extract treated larvae, when compared to control ones, whereas amount of amino acid decreased in treated larvae. This clearly indicates a physiological as well as biochemical imbalance in larvae, induced by plant extracts. Presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, phenols was detected by qualitative analyses of plant extract which may contribute for its insecticidal effect.
 
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Waste Water from ACC Cement Industry from an Industrial Town – Ghugus (Maharashtra), India
Get PDFThere are different sources of industrial water pollution, but one of them is the discharge of harmful chemicals and compounds into the water bodies through gutters, due to which the water from the water bodies becomes unsuitable for the drinking and other domestic purposes. Though 72% of the earth surface is covered by the water, only 2.5 to 2.75 percent is fresh water of which 1.75 to 2 % is frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5 -0.75 % as groundwater and moisture. Thus less than 0.01 % is available to us as a surface water to us from lakes, ponds, rivers, reservoirs and streams only. So it is our prime duty to keep them clean for the survival of not only humans but for all the living beings on this earth planet. Therefor the systematic management of industrial run off is necessary for keeping the balance of an ecosystem. Therefor a pond situated at Nakoda, the water of which is used by the natives for many purposes including drinking is taken for the study of physic-chemical analysis.
 
Relationship between Number of Teats and Litter Size in Eutherian Mammals
Get PDFMammals are vertebrates with hair and mammary glands, which produce milk for nursing their young. Mammals may be divided into two groups Prototheria and Theria. Prototherian are oviparous and Therian are viviparous. Theria is a subclass of mammals. It includes Eutherians (placental mammals) and metatherians (marsupial mammals). Mammals have a wide variety of skin glands, but all seem to be variations of two major glands, Sudoriferous (sweat) and Sebaceous (oil) glands. Mammary glands appear to be modified sebaceous glands. A teat is the projection from the breast or dug or udder or mammary glands of mammals. A litter is the live birth of multiple offspring at one time in animals from the same mother and usually from one set of parents. In this research we test the hypothesis of Gilbert’s ``one-half rule``. According to one half-rule, the average number of young in a litter is one half the typical numbers of teats and the maximum litter size is equal to the total number of teats. To find relationship between number of teats and litter size, various examples of mammalian species are considered and a comparison and correlation was drawn. In this research we also introduced teat formula (Tf) in mammals for the first time.
 
Synthesis and characterization of Cadmium (II) complex with tetradentate N2O2- donor Schiff base and biological activity
Get PDFTransition metal complex of Cd (II) with tetradentate schiff base derived from the condensation of 4-nitro-1,2-diamino benzene and 5-nitro-salicyldehyde (H2L) have been synthesized. The synthesized square planar complex was investigated using elemental analysis (C, H and N), infrared, conductivity and electronic spectroscopic tools. The interactions of cadmium (II) complex examined towards Bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the help of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic tools. The complex is strongly binds to proteins, then we study the antibacterial activity of the Schiff base and its cadmium complex by agar disc diffusion method against some species of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillus cereus).The result indicated that cadmium complex was more activity than ligand due to higher lipophilicity effect.