International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Concept of Galactogogue (Mudirr-i-Laban) in view of Unani Medicine
Get PDFThe WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to six months as the normal infant feeding method and considered “gold standard” of infant nutrition. In the first few days of neonatal life in exclusively breastfed infants, excessive weight loss and late birth weight catch-up are emerging problems. Lactation failure due to poor breastfeeding technique and insufficient breast milk production can cause several medical conditions in infants such as dehydration, hypernatremia, and hyperbilirubinemia. Synthetic drugs have significant adverse effects in both mother and infant. Mudirr-i-Laban (galactogogue) is the medications in Unani medicine that could help in increasing milk production to overcome the insufficient lactation without any adverse effect in mother and infant. Many herbs are used to increase breast milk production can easily and safely be added to the everyday diet. This review expands the concept of Mudirr-i-Laban (galatogogue) mentioned in Unani system of medicine and some common natural herbal galactogogue used in the management of Qilla al-Laban (oligogalactacea). Only few of them have been experimentally studied. Studies are needed to gives verification for the mechanism of action of these herbs as galactogogue.
 
Morphological, Ethno biological and Phytopharmacological Attributes of Tridax procumbensLinn. (Asteraceae): A Review
Get PDFTridax procumbens Linn. is an widespread herbaceous weed distributed throughout India. It is commonly known as coat buttons, is also dispensed as Bhringraj, and used as Ayurvedic medicine for liver disorders and hair growth. The plant is an annual or perennial herbaceous weed, found mainly in the croplands, disturbed areas, lawn, and roadsides. Literature survey suggested that the various parts of the plant were reported to possess phytochemical compounds like alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids, saponins, fumaric acid, β-sitosterol, and tannins. It was richly endowed with oleanolic acid, and high content of sodium and potassium are also present. Bioactive components like luteolin, glucoluteolin, quercetin, and isoquercetin also have been reported from its flowers. Primary plant pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids also analyzed from leaves. So, it is well known for several potential pharmacological activities like anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, wound healing, insecticidal, hepato-protective, anti-diabetic, immune modulating, anti-cancer, anti-dysentery, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hair fall. The present review study deals with natural habitat, taxonomical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological activities of Tridax procumbens. This study may be helpful for identification and preparation of a clear profile of the plant which may open new avenues in the medical field in the treatment of various diseases.
 
Cytotoxic effects and Identification of bioactive metabolites from crude extract of potential probiotic bacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefacians CS4, isolated from the gut of freshwater fish Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)
Get PDFIn the present study, the crude secondary metabolites were extracted from the potential probiotic bacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefacians CS4 using solvent ethyl acetate and the cytotoxicity of bacterial extract was assessed against HeLa cell line through MTT assay. The crude extract exhibited cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cell lines with the effective half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 121.65µg/ml. The brine shrimp toxicity assay of crude extract revealed half maximal lethal concentration (LC50) value at 93.377μg/ml against Artemia salina. The zebra fish (Danio rerio) embryos were treated with different concentrations of extract upto 72 hpf and was found lowest survivability (36.6 %) at 200μg/ml concentration. The bioactive compounds and their functional groups of crude extract were identified using GC-MS and FTIR analyses. The secondary metabolites produced by B. amyloliquefacians CS4 have caused potential cytotoxic effects on cancer cell line and these compounds could be possibly used for the development of therapeutic agents, in relation to cancer drug discovery.
 
Study on Estimation and Antioxidant activity of Gloriosa superba L. Whole Plant Extract
Get PDFGloriosa superba is a alkaloid plant, which contains alkaloid components such as colchicine and gloriosine. In this study, Total Phenol content (TPC), Total Flavonoid (TF), Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) using whole plant (Shoot, Flower, Tuber (SFT) extract derived from G. superba were tested for cancer. G. superba plants are identified and collected. The collected plants were separated into (SFT) G. superba whole plants are dried under the laboratory conditions. The temperature associated with the solvent used in the powder sampling will be followed by extraction using the different conical flask for 1 week and filtered what Mann No.1 paper. The filtrate was stored and used for further experimentation. Analysis of solvent extracts was subjected to phytochemical and antioxidative activity of DPPH assay. Different concentrations such as 20μg, 40μg, 60 μg, 80 μg and 100 μg were taken for all studies and the values are entered in terms of Mean±SD. In case of DPPH assay IC50 values are calculated using ANNOVA. Methanolic extraction from each solvent contains a high value of antioxidant properties.
 
Occupational Health Hazards of Women Beedi Rollers in Nippani Taluk, South India
Get PDFIn this study, we surveyed 47 women beedi workers of Nippani, a place in North Karnataka of India - known for tobacco trade and industries. We found that this labor intensive task has led to enormous health conditions in the women involved in rolling the beedis manually. Respiratory problems like cough and throat burns were reported by more than 50% of women. The incidence of Orthopedic and Ophthalmic illness was also common. Other health conditions included GI problems, Giddiness and Headache.
 
Essential Oils from Plants: A Review on Eco-Friendly Mosquito Repellents
Get PDFEssential oils from medicinal plants are widely used all over the world as insect repellents as they are highly safe and beneficial to environment with least ill-effects on animal and public health. Electronic databases including Science direct, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library and Scifinder were searched for papers on essential oils from plants with mosquito repellent efficacy. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and repellent efficacy of plant essential oils were also discussed in this review. This review discusses in detail the mosquito-repellent plant essential oils which would be helpful in effective formulation of different essential oils for efficient control of mosquitoes, thus vector-borne diseases and for pharmacological studies, i.e., drug designing. This review would assist in finding studies on different mosquito-repellent plant essential oils at one stop, since it summarizes a large number of reports on essential oils.
 
Acute toxicity and ethological responses of oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex (Muller) exposed to a cationic surfactant Cetylpyridinium chloride
Get PDFCetylpyridinium chloride is a quaternary cationic surfactant which exhibit broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of Cetylpyridinium chloride to a benthic oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex in terms of LC50 and behavioral responses. All experiments were conducted, in a static bioassay system, using increasing concentrations of Cetylpyridinium chloride for 96 h duration. The LC50 values associated with 95% lower and upper confidence limits for the surfactant were determined statistically using Finney’s Probit Analysis Method developed by EPA and were found to be 0.330 (0.305-0.357) ppm, 0.305 (0.280-0.332) ppm, 0.225 (0.204-0.248) ppm and 0.213 (0.190-0.240) ppm at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours exposure respectively. The results of regression analysis indicated that the mortality rate varied significantly (p<0.05) with the increasing concentrations of surfactant. In addition, the aquatic worm exhibited abnormal behavioral responses like hyperactivity, decreased clumping tendency, increased mucous secretion and wrinkling effect on increasing concentrations of toxicant and period of exposure. Thus, these findings can be used as a potential tool for creating awareness among people to limit the misuse of household products containing surfactants.
 
Role of Pseudomonas Flourescens on Lead Phytoremediation and Recovery of Adverse Effects in Sansevieria Roxburghiana Plant under Hydroponic Studies
Get PDFPhytoremediative potential of Sansevieria roxburghianawas studied in association with siderophore producing bacteria Pseudomonas flourescens in synthetic medium supplemented with different concentrations of lead (40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/L)over aperiod of 30 daysalong with control.Thechlorophyll content decreasedindicatingincreased production of reactive oxygen species effecting photosynthetic activity, this was confirmed by increased malondialdehyde content. The highest concentrations of Pb 6.1 mg g-1 and 26.4 mg g–1 were accumulated in shoots and roots of S.roxburghianagrown on Pb-rich synthetic medium inoculated with Pseudomonas flourescenscompared with uninoculated plants4.2 mg g–1 and 20.23 mg g–1. In S.roxburghianabioconcentration factor (BCF) increased with increase in lead concentration (P<0.05) beforePseudomonas flourescensinoculation and after inoculation BCF showed increase upto 160mg/L and reduced upon increasing concentration of metal.Decrease in biomass with increase in Pd concentration at 40 mg and 80 mgis observed and decreased gradually. Translocation factor (TF) increased at 40 mg, 80 mg but not at 120 mg, 160 mg concentrations without Pseudomonas flourescens and is also not significant with addition of Pseudomonas at all concentrations.The tolerance index showed increase at 40,80 concentrations and low at 120,160 mg concentrations even with inoculation of Pseudomonas flourescens. From the results it is revealed that theS.roxburghianaalong with Pseudomonas flourescens can contribute for more accumulation and high degradative potential towards lead.
 
Comparative study of “Commercially available mouthwashes with that of herbal mouthwashes” on pre-dominant oral cavity flora- Streptococcus species
Get PDFOral cavity is a vital part of the body and contributes to total health and wellbeing. Poor oral health affects general health and leads to systemic diseases like dental caries. The association between oral diseases and oral cavity flora is well established. There are more than 700 species of bacteria which may affect oral cavity and a number are implicated in oral diseases. Dental caries are developed by micro-organisms like Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Actinomycetes which can be inhibited with the use of herbal and commercial mouthwashes as they show anti-microbial activity. Many researchers studied effect of anti-microbial activity of plant extracts on microbial flora of oral cavity. However, the studies on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the plant extracts and its effect on microbial flora of oral cavity would be a significant finding as these nanoparticles are efficient at very low concentrations and can penetrate into dental cavities easily. The silver nanoparticles play a crucial role in dental field for not only controlling the pathogens but also in other applications of nano dentistry. The present study includes screening, isolation and identification of microbial flora of oral cavity and to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles on oral flora. 50 oral cavity samples of patients fitted with dental braces from Army College of Dental Sciences and other dental clinics were collected. Streptococcus species was the predominant bacteria found in all these samples and the same organism is selected for comparative study of effect of commercially available mouthwashes like Orarite, Histidine and Whisper mint with that of herbal products like Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum santum (Tulsi), Mentha (Peppermint), Piper betle (Betel) and Syzigium aromaticum (Clove). The results demonstrated that herbal products have more anti-microbial activity on Streptococcus species than the commercially available mouthwashes. These plant products were further tested for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The Silver Nanoparticles produced were characterized by Spectrophotometric, and SEM analysis. The silver nanoparticles synthesized from these plant products are safe, efficient and economical to use in herbal mouthwash preparations for dental diseases.
 
Azo dye degradation by bacterial laccases produced from mushroom spent
Get PDFLaccases are multi-copper enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of phenolic and non-phenolic aromatic compounds and participate in several applications such as bioremediation, biopulping, textile, and food industries. It is widely distributed in higher plants, fungi and also found in bacteria. Azo dyes containing effluents from different industries pose threats to the environment. Though there are physico-chemical methods to treat such effluents, bioremediation is considered to be the best eco-friendly method. The present study emphasises on isolation of efficient laccase producers from mushroom spent and their use for azo dye degradation. The primary isolates were isolated by enrichment culture technique using guaiacol as substrate. About 10 secondary isolates were studied for laccase production using raw substrate like saw dust. The isolates were identified culturally, microscopically and biochemically. The laccase production cycle for the isolates was studied and found that peak production was by 72 hours. The selected laccase producers were tested for their different azo dye degradation potential both in isolation and as a consortium. The different azo dyes studied were trypan blue, congo red, malachite green and methyl red dyes for degradation at regular intervals of 24 hours for a period of 3 days. The different concentrations studied were 10mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L, 100mg/L. The consortium of Azo dye degrading cultures (samples 1–5) could totally degrade all azo dyes with variation in degradation times, whereas isolates could only degrade methyl red with variation in time. The samples 2 and 5 showed complete degradation of methyl red in 48 hours and other applications can be further studied.