International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Dawa ul Misk Motadil Sada a Classical Unani Formulation for Khafaqān (Palpitation)
Get PDFUnani System of medicine is one among the oldest systems that prevails till date with its efficient drugs derived from animal, plant and mineral resources. Over 2400 years ago, the father of medicine Hippocrates practiced it; however His medicine included a great deal of ancient Egyptian medicine as well as important components of the ancient Mesopotamian traditions. In modern medicine, Palpitation is described as an uncomfortable awareness of one’s own heartbeat and is a clinical entity with varied etiology ranging from benign causes to serious arrhythmias. In Unani system of medicine, the modern equivalent term for palpitation is Khafaqān. A large number of drugs, single and compound formulations, have been mentioned in the context of the treatment of Khafaqān. Dawa ul Misk Motadil Sada is one of the most reputed poly pharmaceutical preparations of Unani system of Medicine used in Khafaqān, as cardiac tonic in arrhythmia and as general tonic.
 
Optimization of Bioethanol Production from Solid Substrate Fermentation of Pineaple Waste
Get PDFReports of studies on optimization of solid substrate fermentation of pineapple waste for bioethanol production are few. Challenges are constantly arising from the use of food crops like corn, sugar cane and tubers for production of bioethanol due to the competition it poses against food security in a constantly growing world population. The use of lignocellulosic biomass and some industrial waste, such as pineapple waste, for industrial production of bioethanol, is being embraced in the research world with interest in the maximization of these sustainable feedstock. Production of bioethanol from pineapple waste in solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae obtained from natural sources, in a co-culture, was investigated by varying the pH at 3, 4, 5 and 6. The fermentation was carried out at temperature 25 0C, 30 0C and 35 0C, and metal salts of zinc, magnesium, iron and manganese were incorporated independently into the fermenting substrate. At pH 4, the maximum bioethanol concentration of 11.4% was recorded, while the maximum concentration of 11.4% was also obtained at 30 0C. Supplementation of the pineapple waste with zinc metal salt produced the highest bioethanol concentration of 13.22%, though, supplementing the substrate independently with magnesium, iron and manganese all showed significant differences in the concentration of bioethanol produced. Further analyses indicated that interaction between zinc and iron metal salts produced the most significant difference in bioethanol concentration. Interaction between zinc and manganese showed the least significant difference while magnesium and manganese showed no difference. Optimization of bioethanol production from a lignocellulosic biomass such as pineapple waste in solid state fermentation, will improve efficiency and resources utilization in the industrial production of the widely used industrial product, while beneficial utilization of the waste will help to curtail environmental pollution.
 
Using Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm to Identify Communities in Social Networks
Get PDFSocial network analysis helps discover communities and interactions between users. A community is a group of users with high communication density in that group. Although many algorithms have been developed to identify communities, most are inefficient in terms of processing time and cost for large-scale social networks. In this research, we present a simple and efficient algorithm for social recognition in social networks that does not require any prior knowledge about the number of network communities. Most existing methods of community recognition examine the structure of the social network graph without considering issues and interactions between users. In the proposed method, in addition to considering the communication topology between users, we also consider the tweets used by them. The proposed system consists of three general steps. In the first step, the similarity between each user pair is calculated on the basis of a hybrid clustering method. Initial assemblages are based on the similarity matrix in the second step. Finally, in the third stage, using the cuckoo optimization algorithm, the initial clusters are combined and the final clusters are created. In the cuckoo algorithm, the performance of each solution is evaluated using the metrics evaluation criterion on Twitter`s social network. The results show better performance of the proposed method in different criteria than CC-GA and MDCL methods.
 
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera extract and assessing their antimicrobial activity against skin infections
Get PDFThe synthesis of nanomaterials is currently one of the most active in nanoscience branches especially those help to improve the human quality life. Silver ions have the disadvantage of forming complexes and the effect of the ions remained only for short time. This disadvantage have been overcome by the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which are in inert form and also exhibit antimicrobial function by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species. In fish spas, clients may submerge their hands, feet or whole body in basins with Garra rufa fish, for dead skin removal. Skin infections may result from using these spas. We also focused on identification of some common pathological bacterial and fungal isolates responsible for causing foot cracks. In the present work we have made an attempt to evaluate antibacterial and antifungal activities against various pathogens isolated from fish spa water samples, fish gut and from human foot cracks. The fungal isolates identified were Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Trichophyton sp., and bacterial isolates as Gram positive and Gram-negative organisms. In this work we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by green synthesis reduction method of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution of different concentrations like 1mM,5mM,10mM using Aloevera plant extract of various dilutions like 4:1,3:2,2:3,1:4 respectively. The results show that higher silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using plant extract and water in the ratio of 3:2 and optimal concentration of silver nitrate was found as 10mM. Green synthesized Silver nanoparticles obtained were characterized by UV−visible spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The zones of inhibition of synthesized silver nanoparticles against the bacterial and fungal pathogens were variable and comparatively the highest was shown by 3:2 diluted plant extract prepared by using 10mM silver nitrate solution of about 24mm and 20mm against Gram positive and Gram negative organisms respectively isolated from fish spa samples. From the present study, it is concluded that green synthesized silver nanoparticles have wide spectrum antibacterial activity in low concentration than antifungal activity and therefore may be used as an alternative approach in medicine and pharmaceutical field in future.
 
Establishment of Chemically Induced Arthritis and Diabetes Combinedly in Wistar Rats: An Experimental Study
Get PDFThe purpose of the present study was to establish combined animal model of chemically induced rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes and study various parameters. The study was conducted on adult male Wistar rats. Arthritis was induced by injecting CFA (Freund`s complete adjuvant) followed by administration of Alloxan monohydrate intra-peritoneally. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in sera were measured using ELISA. Histopathological changes in joint tissues, kidney and pancreas were examined using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Swelling and inflammation occurred within 24 hr with a significant increase in paw volume which showed no resolution till the 30th day. There was significant increase in blood glucose levels. Bodyweight, GSH and IL-10 levels were decreased in serum of diseased group animals. Spleen & thymus index, nitric oxide, MDA, MPO, GSH, and serum triglyceride levels were elevated in diseased animals. Also, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were extremely high in diseased animals as compared to control group. The joint histology showed synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration in joint tissues. The pancreas histology results showed disruption and reduction in the size of Islet of Langerhans. Radiological analysis showed deformation in bones. All these parameters confirmed the successful establishment of combined animal model for diabetes and arthritis.
 
Efficiency of Earthworm, Eudrilus Eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867) in The Conversion if Orange Peel (Citrus Sinensis) Waste Mixed with Diclofenac Into Compost
Get PDFThe efficiency of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae was studied in the present work where the earthworm was subjected to the conversion of Orange peel waste mixed with diclofenac into compost in the form of micro and macro minerals on 15th and 30th days. Micro and Macro nutrients such as N, P, K and Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu were analyzed in the Orange peel waste and mixed with diclofenac along with control. Similarly physical characteristics were also analyzed to understand the efficiency of earthworm in maintaining the physical status of the soil. The analysis revealed that the P and Fe were increased significantly on 15th and 30th days where as the Physical property i.e., EC was increased only in the orange peel waste conversion where as in the diclofenac contaminated waste, the EC was stable in the present study. The pH was slightly increased on 15th and stable on 30th day. FTIR Study was undertaken to identity the chemical group present in the control and experiment. Histological changes were compared with that of experiment and the efficiency of the earthworm has been understood in the present work within a short period of 15th to 30th days.
 
Antiapoptotic Effect of Ajuga bracteosa Leaves on Hepatic Dysfunction in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Chicks
Get PDFThe present study was carried out to assess the antiapoptotic effect of Ajuga bracteosa leaves on the hepatic dysfunction in alloxan induced diabetic chicks. Hydroalcoholic extract of Ajuga bracteosa leaves was prepared by standard method as prescribed earlier and apply for monitoring the liver enzymes including Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate amino transferase (AST - SGOT) and Alanine amino transferase (ALT - SGPT) in experimental chicks, including diabetic control and diabetic treated with the hydroalcoholic extract of Ajuga bracteosa leaves at the rate of 100gm/Kg body weight and normal control chicks fed with water ad libitum. Present study reveals a significant (p<0.05) decline in the level of these enzymes in the chicks treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Ajuga bracteosa leaves up to the control level as compared to chicks of diabetic control group. Therefore, administration of hydroalcoholic extract of Ajuga bracteosa leaves in diabetic chicks significantly ameliorate the enzymological parameters for the assessment of hepatic dysfunction in diabetic chicks, which showed the potent antiapoptotic effect of Ajuga bracteosa leaves extract on hepatic dysfunction in alloxan induced diabetic chicks.
 
Determination of Different Diseases and Preventive Measures of Mulberry Silkworm
Get PDFThe present study deals with the determination of different disease and preventive measures of mulberry silkworm, (Bombyx mori). Epizootiology, development of immunodiagnostic kit, fluorescent antibody technique and use of ideal disinfectant, chemotherapy and thermo-therapy techniques and management strategies have been addressed for identification, destruction, prevention and control of disease causing micro-organisms. Three years survey was conducted on the incidence of silkworm diseases namely, Grasserie, Flacherie, Muscardine and pebrine, the data revealed that grasserie and flacherie incidence were maximum in summer season and minimum in winter season whereas muscardine was observed high in winter.
 
Diversity and Distribution of Phytoplankton at selected sites of Jamnagar coast, Gujarat, India
Get PDFPhytoplanktons are the primary producer of marine ecosystems and contribute towards the primary productivity of aquatic environment. The present study was carried out at three selected sites of Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) viz; Pirotan, Sachana and Roziport. During the study, a total of 106 species of phytoplankton were recorded, of which the highest species diversity was found at Rozi followed by Pirotan and Sachana. The maximum number of species diversity was contributed by the class Bacillariophyceae with 81.5 percentage , 79 percentage and 83 percentage at Pirotan, Rozi and Sachana, respectively. Rozi port reported the highest number of harmful phytoplankton i.e. some members of Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae. The highest number of species was recorded at Rozi port (75 sp.) followed by Pirotan (54 sp.) and Sachana (46 sp.). The varied environmental conditions prevailing at three study sites may cause variation in species composition at these sites
 
Threats, Community Perception of Biological Resource Conservation and Solution in Dati Wolel National Park of Ethiopia
Get PDFProtected areas are the core biodiversity home all through the world. The Dati Wolel National Park is also one of the newly protected areas of Ethiopia containing diverse habitat in the country. The park was established in 2010, this supports high levels of species richness and endemism. In Dati Wolel National Park several Mammalians and Birds have been recorded. In Addition, the park has vital source for more rivers and plants. In spite of the substantial potential of the area, agricultural land is increasing rapidly, grazing areas are heavily degraded, forests are being cut and cleared, and water systems disturbed. There is no actual resource possession, and employers are taking advantage as open access resource management regimes in the area. Consequently, resource damages are increasing alarmingly. Having the badly behaved, remedial solutions involved for management of park resources are negligible. Hence, this paper aims to foldaway the threats of Bio diversity of Dati Wolel National Park and to suggest solutions.