International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Evaluation of growth promoting activity of Pleurotus ostreatus extract on Trigonella foenum, Cicer arietinum, Brassica nigra, Coriandrum sativum
Get PDFIncrease in the human population brings in a demand for large scale production of agricultural products to meet the needs. To minimize the loss in the production of plant products, due to pests, use of pesticides has become an unavoidable practice. The harmful impact of chemical pesticides has invariantly brought in the necessity of biopesticide usage. As a result, a number of studies propose many herbal and natural plants extracts to replace the chemical pesticides. Mushroom extract has been proven to be an active biopesticide that can be used on the plants to control plant diseases. It has many low molecular and high molecular proteins, which are reported to be effective antimicrobial agents. Several plant pathogens have been identified to be susceptible to mushroom extract. Active compounds like ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, linalool, methional , 3-octanone from the extract are currently explored for preparations of biopesticides. Present study focuses on growth promoting activity of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom extract on selected plants. Experiments were conducted to evaluate growth promotional activity of Pleurotus ostreatus extract on Trigonella foenum, Cicer arietinum, Brassica nigra, Coriandrum sativum. In potted plant experiments various concentrations of mushroom extract was tested in triplicates. It has been evident from the study that, with increasing concentration of mushroom extract, a selective growth promotion in Trigonella foenum was observed whereas a significant inhibition in growth was found with Brassica nigra, Cicer arietinum, Coriandrum sativum. A considerable change in the rhizosphere flora was also observed in the presence of mushroom extract which could have influenced the growth. The statistical analysis by ANOVA revealed a significant value p<0.05, showing a significant impact of mushroom extract on growth in the selected plants.
 
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Gymnema sylvestre against Pathogenic Bacteria
Get PDFThe aim of our present study to investigate the phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Etholnolic and Chloroform leaf extracts of Gymnema sylvestre against some important pathogenic bacteria. The Ethonoloic and Choloroform leaf extracts of G.sylvestre showed significant antibacterial against some clinically important gram negative and gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), Enterococcuc faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Escheria coli (ATCC8739), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 10798) respectively. The in-vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method (25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/ml ). The maximum inhibition zone of ethonolic leaf extract was found in 100 µg /ml against gram negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica (26mm), Escheria coli (24mm) and gram positive bacteria such as Enterocococcus faecalis (26mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (24mm). The maximum inhibition zone of chloroform leaf extracts found in 100 µg/ml (25,50,75, and 100 µg/ ml) against gram negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica (24mm), Escheria coli (24mm) and gram positive bacteria Enterocococcus faecalis (23mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (23mm). The phytochemical tests were carried out and showed that the antibacterial activity of plant Gymnema sylvestre leaves were due to presence of phytochemical compounds such as Alkaloids, Flvanoids, Glycosides, Reducing sugar, Tannins, Saponins, Polysaccharides and Phenols. The ethonolic and choloroform leaf extracts of Gymnema sylvestre showed maximum inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterocococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica and Escheriacoli. The Ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control.
 
Taxonomic and Phylogenetic study of Termitomyces entolomoides in western Assam
Get PDFTermitomyces genus is paleotropical in nature and is known for its obligate symbiotic association with termites belonging to Macrotermitinae. The Termitomyces sample was collected during the monsoon and post monsoon period (April-October). The basidiocarp was oven dried and used for the macro-morphological and micro-morphological studies. Identification of fungi using morphological characters is very complicated and error prone. Furthermore, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 1, 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS 2 region was amplified using ITS 1 and ITS 4 primer pairs. The amplicon of ~600 bps was sequenced and subjected to Phylogenetic analysis in MEGA X sowftware package. Newly obtained sequence and 19 sequences of Termitomyces from NCBI GenBank were aligned using MAFFT. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum Likelihood method with bootstrap values of ≤ 70 %. The morphological characters and molecular data indicate the studied sample as Termitomyces entolomoides. Phylogenetic relationship of the studied species with 19 Asian Termitomyces species obtained from NCBI GenBank is established and is clearly monophyletic.
 
Management of GERD, Obesity and PCOS Leading to Successful Conception Using the ‘Integrated Approach’
Get PDFThe purpose of this case study was to determine the effect of an Integrated Approach that included patient-specific nutritional therapy, Ayurveda and lifestyle modifications, on body weight and symptoms associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a clinical condition common among women, characterized by menstrual irregularities, high androgen levels and cysts in one or both ovaries. It is also associated with metabolic disruptions such as insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Additionally, corpulence and obesity are concomitants that lead to exacerbation of symptoms in 50% of PCOS cases. The subject of this case study was a 32-year-old pre-obese female with a clinical history of PCOS, associated infertility, hypothyroidism, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and mild hair fall. She complained of low energy levels and high levels of stress and anxiety. During the 12-week treatment, the patient achieved weight loss, improved energy levels, relief from GERD, reduced anxiety and successful conception.
 
Regression Analysis and Docking Study of Hydroxyl Quinoline Based Compounds as Anti-Tuberculosis Therapeutic Agents
Get PDFIn the drug-design process, structure activity relationship is an important tool for estimation of biological activity of the unknown compounds. In this process, the objective is development of a relationship between structural features of molecules and the property of interest i. e. biological activity. On the basis of this relationship, the biological activity can be predicted for new candidate structures. Initially, the thirty nine substituted hydroxyl quinoline molecules with known biological activities were considered as known set for regression analysis model building purpose. The properties module from Datawarrior used to calculate descriptors. Structure activity model indicates that these descriptors have significant relationships with observed bioactivity. We have observed a high relationship between experimental and predicted activity values, indicating the validation and the excellent quality of the derived model. In the present study, the new substituted hydroxyl quinoline molecules are designed, optimized and their descriptors were calculated using Datawarrior modules. Then by using the Regression analysis model, their biological activities are studied as well as inhibition studies for the 1QPQ by molecular docking method are also carried out. Thus on the basis of regression analysis study and docking study of substituted hydroxyl quinoline derivatives, we can conclude that these compounds on further studies may prove to be therapeutic agent against tuberculosis.
 
Management of Varicose Vein by Hirudotherapy
Get PDFVaricose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted and are commonly found in legs. The calf muscles of the leg pumps. The venous blood back to the heart against the gravity. When the veins become varicose the valves do not function properly as the blood flows backwards and the veins engorge. The varicose veins are most common in the superficial veins of legs and due to high pressure while standing the veins engorging and ulceration can occur. Only ten percent of the venous blood in the legs is returned back by superficial veins, hence the surgical removal can be opted for superficial varicose veins. Other modalities of treatment included sclerotherapy, elastic stockings, leg elevation, exercise, radiofrequency ablation, endovascular laser treatment etc. In this study Hirudotherapy has been done at Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Srinagar for the treatment of varicose vein and has been observed that leech relieves the symptoms of the varicosity by reducing the engorgements of the superficial leg veins and also improve the venous valvular functioning and thus helps to push the blood normally without regurgitation.
 
The Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Caesalpinia crista (Linn.) and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)
Get PDFMedicinal plants Caesalpinia crista (Linn.) and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) belongs to the family Fabaceae. Parts (root, stem, leaves and seeds) of both the plant species have been used in different systems of traditional medication of human ailments. Both species contains various bioactive components which have been used as anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial etc. The present paper attempts to evaluate the pharmacognostic characteristics in terms of macro and micro-morphological characters, and quantitative profiles of the leaves of C. crista and L. leucocephala. Pharmacognostic parameters of the leaves will assist in identification, authentication, and standardization for quality, purity and control adulteration of the crude drug.
 
Sublethal Toxicity of Acid Orange 7 in the Freshwater fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792), and the Role of Vitamin C as Antioxidant in the Prevention of Oxidative Stress
Get PDFSublethal toxic effects of acid orange 7 on antioxidant status and histology of liver, kidney and muscle tissues, and the protective role of vitamin C were examined in Anabas testudineus. Acid orange 7 at 0.27 g/ L concentration was exposed for 24, 72 and 96 h followed by vitamin C (0.55 g/ L concentration) for 7 days. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were evaluated in the liver, kidney and muscle tissues. The results showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes with concomitant increase in the levels of H2O2 and LPO thereby indicated the induction of oxidative stress. Activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in liver and kidney, and acid and alkaline phosphatase in muscle tissue also decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the treatment groups due to the sublethal toxicity of acid orange 7. Histopathological examination revealed severe damage in all tissues however, the damage was not fully recovered after vitamin C exposure. Interestingly, vitamin C exposure neutralized the toxic effects of acid orange 7 as evident by normalizing the activities of all antioxidant enzymes thereby proved the protection of tissues against oxidative stress.
 
Microbial analysis of water bodies near food industries
Get PDFThe quality of water and occurrence of water borne diseases are critical public health issues. The most serious public health risk associated with drinking water is microbiological contamination thereby making it a priority for water quality testing. The objective of the study was to assess the quality of drinking water by isolation and enumeration of organisms through microbiological examination. Water samples were collected from four different regions - North, South, East and Central Kolkata. Microbial and fermentation tests were performed in the collected water samples followed by confirmatory IMViC tests to detect the presence of microorganisms. Microbial estimations indicated the presence of coliforms in water which may lead to diseases like diarrhoea and gastrointestinal problems. The biochemical tests also displayed the occurrence of the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family including E.coli, Enterobacter sp and Klebsiella sp. These microorganisms deteriorate the quality of drinking water making it unfit for human consumption. Therefore, accurate testing of drinking water is crucial in maintaining the health and safety of inhabitants who rely on this resource.
 
Comprehend of Patho-physiological Changes & Consequential Prognosis in Marmabhighata (Injury to Marma)
Get PDF‘Marma’ literary communicates the sense of vital parts of the body. The science of Marma is an unique approach of Ayurveda and established to help the practice of surgery. There are total 107 Marma’s in the human body. These are classified into five types according to location, structures involved, effect and consequences or prognosis of the trauma over there. Any type of Marmabhighata (injury to Marma) is likely to produce subjective manifestations governed by the extent and the nature of injuries to the Marmas. Tridosha in the body have their Panchabhautik origin. The Pancha mahabhautas are the main constituting component of Tridosha such that, the consequence of traumatised Marma has got direct bearing on the predominance of Tridoshas over there. Any trauma to these Marmas is likely to provoke both the Shareerik and Manasik dosha which thereby affects the body (Sharira) and Mind (Mana). So, as the base (body and Mind) gets affected, the Jeevatma or Bhootatma itself ceases to exit. This changes in Marma after injury such as deformities and delayed healing mainly depends upon the consequences that occur due to patho-physiological changes over Marma.