International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Comparative Proximate Analysis between Two Types of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera and Moringa Ovalifolia)
Get PDFMoringa oleifera and Moringa ovalifolia are highly valued for their nutritious seeds and are often consumed in sub-Saharan Africa. Different parts of these plants have a profile of key minerals and are high in protein, vitamins, B-carotene, and amino acids. Moringa leaves contain vitamins A, calcium, iron, C, and potassium. Moringa oleifera is well-known for its high nutritional content, which has been likened to that of Moringa ovalifolia. Moringa oleifera, also known as "Zogale" in Northern Nigeria, is one of the most widely distributed and cultivated plant species in the region. However, the prospective uses for their leaves were not adequately researched and documented. As a result, proximal examination of their leaves for possible applications is extremely important. Leaf samples were collected from Nigeria`s Katsina metropolis and analyzed for proximate components using standard analytical methods. Moringa oleifera and moringa ovalifolia leaves had percentage carbohydrate, crude fiber, and moisture contents of 56.33±0.29, 63.11±0.11, 11.23±0.16, 7.09±0.11, 10.74±0.05, and 2.11±0.11, respectively. Moringa oleifera and moringa ovalifolia leaves had crude protein, lipid, and ash levels of 9.38±0.23, 17.1±0.1, 7.76±0.21, and 1.69±0.09, 10.74±0.05, and 2.11±0.11, respectively. Moringa oleifera leaves had more crude fiber, lipid, and moisture content than moringa ovalifolia leaves, whereas moringa ovalifolia leaves had much higher protein, ash, and carbohydrate content
Allelopathic Effects of Aqueous Extracts From Sesame Leaves and Root on the Germination and Seedlings Growth of Maize and Sorghum
Get PDFA laboratory and screen house experiment was carried out to investigate the allelopathic impacts of sesame (Sesamum indicum) leaf and root extracts at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 75% on the germination, root and shoot development, seedling growth, plant height, leaf count, fresh and dry weight, germination rate, germination percentage, and photosynthetically active radiation in maize and sorghum seedlings. The findings revealed that the highest germination rates occurred at 5% and 25% concentrations, as well as in the control plants, showing statistically significant differences at (P<0.05). Conversely, germination was reduced at 50% concentration and completely inhibited at 75% concentration in root extract treatments. Measurements of plumule and radicle length, along with fresh and dry weights, demonstrated notable differences in maize when compared to sorghum. Moreover, root growth exhibited greater sensitivity to the allelopathic effects than shoot growth, a pattern similarly reflected in plant height and leaf numbers. The vigor index, germination rate index, and germination percentage were highest in the 5%, 25%, and control treatments for both maize and sorghum, while these parameters were lowest at 50% and 75% concentrations. These results indicate that lower concentrations of leaf or root extracts exert minimal effects on germination and seedling development in both maize and sorghum, with the intensity of the impact being concentration-dependent
Diversity of Avian Fauna in and Around Kalyani, a Sub-Urban City near Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Get PDFAvifaunal diversity has proven a crucial factor for maintaining the ecological equilibrium of any given ecosystem. The present investigation determines the avifaunal distribution, diversity and status in and around Kalyani from December 2021 to January 2023. During the appropriate study period, a total of 73 bird species belongs to 39 different families under 17 orders were reported. In agreement with the status of the bird species, 63 (86.30%) species were regional, 3 (4.11%) winter migrant, 4 (5.48%) regional migrant, 2 (2.74%) migratory and 1 (1.37%) monsoon visitor. Winter visiting species were Western yellow wagtail, Citrine wagtail and Common moorhen. Two migratory species were Common hill mayna, Sand Martin and one monsoon visitor was Jacobin cuckoo. Determining the relative abundance of the birds, 25 (34%) species were commonly seen, 31 (42%) very common, 12 (16%) uncommon but not rare and 5 (6.8%) rare. The Sturnidae (5 species) was the most diversified family in the investigation area, followed by Ardeidae, Alcedinidae, Columbidae and cuculidae (each having 4 species). The study also found seven unique feeding habits viz. 27% carnivorous, 26% insectivorous, 21% omnivorous, 11% granivorous, 9.6% frugivorous, 4.1% Nectarivorous and 1.4% Nectarivorous/Insectivorous species of bird. The current report is an attempt to chronicle the diversity of avian population in and around Kalyani and it is necessary to conduct a more through systematic research in order to investigate and safeguard the avifaunal variety within this area.
 
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions Required for Exopolysaccharide (EPS) Production by Bacillus altitudinis Strain EPBAS.1 Obtained from Brewery Wastewater Sludge
Get PDFBacteria exopolysaccharides (EPS) are long-chain high-molecular weight polysaccharides synthesize in bacteria and exported into the external environment and their production is influenced by several key cultural and fermentation conditions, which this study aimed to determine the optimum specific for Bacillus altitudinis strain EPBAS.1 obtained from brewery wastewater sludge for maximal production. Brewery wastewater sludge samples were collected and screened for EPS-producing bacteria using standard microbiological methods. The isolates were grown in broth culture for 48h, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30 minutes, the EPS extracted by ethanol precipitation to determine its yield, and the best EPS-producer identified molecularly and used for optimization study using one-factor at a time method. A total of 85 bacterial isolates were screened, 29 showed EPS production ability, while isolate EPBS.1 produced statistically (P<0.05) higher quantity (0.58±0.04g/100ml) of EPS, and was identified to the species level as Bacillus altitudinis strain EPBAS.1. From the optimization study, higher EPS yield (0.65±0.03g/100ml) was obtained with sucrose than other carbon sources. Organic nitrogen, with yeast extract as the most preferred, gave higher yield (0.68±0.01g/100ml) than inorganic nitrogen. pH, temperature, incubation period, inoculum size, and NaCl2 concentration gave optimal EPS yields at 7.0 (0.66±0.01g/100ml), 35oC (0.72±0.03g/100ml), 72h (0.69±0.01g/100ml), 4% (0.74±0.02g/100ml), and 5% (0.68±0.01g/100ml), respectively. The EPS extracts showed higher total carbohydrate (68.5±0.10%) than protein (16.2±0.31%) contents. Hence, the study reveals the optimal EPS production conditions for Bacillus altitudinis strain EPBAS.1 and recommends the use of sucrose, yeast extract, neutral pH, temperature at 35oC, 72h incubation time, 4% inoculum size, and 5% NaCl2 for optimal EPS production by the bacteria strain.
 
Kidney Stone Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Ethno-Medical Approaches: A Short Communication
Get PDFStone isK the dominant problem in the world due to number of factors associated with dietary habits affected to the renal, filtration and urinary systems directly and indirectly, which may causes by the deposition of elements in form of oxalate, silicate, phosphate and uric acid. Stone diseases also concerned with some major elements which comprises secondary and tertiary derivatives which partially or completely affected to concern function organs and its metabolism. Increased incidence in males as compared to females subjects were highly acknowledges. It also has been attributed to increased dietary protein intake, which increases and induced the urinary excretion of phosphates, magnesium and reduces urinary citrate status etc. The treatment of stone disease and concerned complicated factor problems resolves by medicated principles allopathically and homeopathically but the most of the prominent treatments allowed by Ayurveda system. Most of the ethno medicinal and herbal therapy not only declines the ratio of concerned elements but also possess a diverse significant protective response which is reviewed here with updated information. In this review article we are focused on the etiology and epidemiology of kidney stone in population of various age groups with respective gender ratio along with role of diet in kidney stone. The study also illustrates the ethno medical approaches with certain ethno herbal plants which are effectively used for the treatment of kidney stone.
 
Fish Species Alburnus filippii (Kessler, 1877) (Carpiformes: Cyprinidae) in Fresh Water Body, Hama Governorate- Syria (First Record)
Get PDFThe research was carried out from November 2022 to November 2023 to study the fish fauna in fresh water body of Al-Bireh Dam. Fish samples were collected using gill nets and hooks. The results showed the presence of the species Alburnus filippii (Kessler, 1877); one specimen measuring 9.7 cm long and weighing 150 g, was recorded for the first time in Syrian fresh waters. This species is characterized by eye locating on the upper side of the head, and the presence of a black line on both sides of the body extending from the edge of the eye to the front of the caudal fin. The ventral region with a black spot in the front of the abdomen, while the dorsal color is dark. The scales are firmly attached to the skin.
 
Estimation of Diosgenin by HPLC in a Dioscorea zingiberensis Collection from Different Local Markets in Middle and South Iraq
Get PDFDiosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin, is found in significant quantities in some plant species, such as Dioscorea alata, Smilax China, and Trigonella foenum graecum. The bioactive phytochemical discussed in this context serves as a crucial precursor in the pharmaceutical sector for the synthesis of numerous steroidal medications. Additionally, it has demonstrated significant promise and garnered considerable attention for its potential therapeutic applications in addressing a range of disorders, including cancer, hypercholesterolemia, inflammation, and various infections. The objective of this research was to assess the diosgenin concentration in Dioscorea samples obtained from several local markets by the utilization of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The findings indicated that the content of Diosgenin was determined within the range assessed using the standard diosgenin. The utilization of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantitative assessment of diosgenin has been determined to be a rapid, precise, straightforward, and cost-efficient alternative method for the examination of diosgenin.
 
Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Macrophytes of Chandanpur Beel and Churamon Beel, North Dinajpur District, West Bengal: Implications for Conservation
Get PDFAquatic macrophytes are the most diverse group of large photosynthetic organism and fundamental ingredients of any wetland biosphere. Overexploitation of wetlands and discharge of effluents into the water of wetland is the most serious problem nowadays which directly interfering the normal growth and sustainability of the macrophytes. The present research investigates the diversity and distribution pattern of macrophytes of Chandanpur beel and Churamon beel of North Dinajpur District. This investigation disclosed a total of 19 species belonging from 14 different families among which Asteraceae, Commelinaceae, Onagraceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae showed the equal distribution each comprise 2 sp. whereas rest of the families each contain only 1 sp. Life form (Raunkiaer,1934) and growth form (Cook,1996) classification of macrophytes also have been done. Different quantitative characters viz. frequency, density, abundance, RF, RD, RA and IVI were also evaluated where Torenia crustacea showed the highest IVI value (27.19) followed by Pontederia crassipes (19.42). Diversity analysis revealed highest species diversity and species richness in Chandanpur beel. The study provides the insight pattern of diversity as well as present status of macrophytes which will be the triggering factor for the implementation effective step regarding conservation of macrophytes in their native area.
 
Gut microbiota analysis of marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) of Vishwamitri River
Get PDFA study was conducted to establish baseline information regarding the microbiome composition of the Marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) gut flora through DNA isolation and sequencing of scat samples. Metagenomics, focusing on microbial communities within ecosystems, was employed to analyze the diverse microbiota, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, and eukaryotes. These microorganisms are ubiquitous and inhabit various environmental niches, such as soil, air, and water, and also form symbiotic relationships with host organisms, including their skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tracts. Traditional bacterial biochemical identification approaches were found to be labor-intensive due to the inability to culture certain microbes. The use of One Codex software facilitated the analysis of the Marsh crocodile scat community, revealing a rich diversity comprising 84 phyla, 75 classes, 150 orders, 326 families, 1104 genera, and 3025 species. The gut microbiome is recognized for its significant impact on host health. In this study, Firmicutes predominated, comprising 50.07% of the phylum, followed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Notably, Firmicutes, including Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria, and Clostridia, were associated with high levels of fecal coliforms in the aquatic environment inhabited by Marsh crocodiles.
 
Analysis of Sex Differential Immunity and its Impacts on Health: A Comprehensive Review
Get PDFSex as a bio-variable affects both male and female immunity. Immunologically and phylogenetically both males and females are separated in terms of their innate and adaptive immunity and responses to self and non self antigens also and there are several influencing factors involved. Some sex differences in immune responses persist life long, while others become visible only after adolescence and before old age , indicating many immune regulatory genes( those on sex chromosomes) and sex hormones are equally engaged. There are four different life stages viz. fetal stage, childhood, adolescence and aging stage are characterized by sex differential levels of immunocytes, sex hormones and immune responsiveness . In addition ,microbiomes are influenced by early environmental exposures that also leads to sex differential immune responses. As well as micronutrient supplementations provide female-biased immunity. Henceforth, these sex differential immunity leads to variations in the frequency of some immunosuppressive diseases such as diseases caused by autoimmunity and malignant cancers, proneness to communicable diseases. Similarly differential vaccine efficiency are also seen in men and women and these differences affect their overall survival.