International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Microscopic and Molecular Diagnosis of Lice infesting Buffaloes in Babylon Province, Iraq
Get PDFLice are harmful ectoparasites that feed on human and animal blood and are vital vectors for various parasitic diseases in mammals. Current data shows that the lice-infesting buffaloes in Babylon city were not identified. Thus, the present study was done to isolate and identify lice species infesting buffaloes using microscopic and molecular techniques. The results of clinical inspection revealed that 5 out of 1000 animals (%0.5) were only infested between September 2023 and January 2024. The microscopic examination of isolated lice identified one genus, Haematopinus. The distribution of lice in buffaloes according to sex in females was higher than in males, which was 0.62% compared to male 0.28%. The rate of lice infection according to age was high in the 11-18 years of age with a percentage of 0.83% and the lowest rate in the 4-10 years of age with a percentage of 0.37%. Furthermore, the lice infestation rates according to the area recorded that Awfi had the highest infestation rate of 2.22%, followed by the districts of Al-Qasim and Al-Sadda, which were 1.66% and 1.33%, respectively. The molecular study, using PCR and sequencing techniques, confirmed microscopic findings, where all isolated lice were under Haematopinus tuberculatus. In conclusion, according to currently available data, the present study is believed to be the first molecular study for the identification of lice species infesting buffaloes in Babylon province, Iraq.
 
Genetic Diversity of Pleurotus Ostreatus Using Random Amplification Polymorphisms DNA Technique
Get PDF— Mushrooms are the reproductive structures of large fungi that do not have leaves or tissues containing chlorophyll. Nevertheless, they continue to increase in size and generate fresh organic matter on an annual basis. Mushrooms provide high nutritional value and can be consumed as food, tonic, and medicinal substances. They include a high amount of crude fibre, proteins, and beneficial vitamins, while having a low content of fat and calories. They have many therapeutic benefits. The edible King Oyster mushroom (i.e. Pleurotus ostreatus) is part of the genus Pleurotus, which is regarded significant. Using various molecular techniques, genetic variation amongst several strains of wild macrofungi could be documented and expressed. This work examined the relatedness and genetic diversity of Pleurotus ostreatus from various locations. To determine the genetic diversity of P. ostreatus, a random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction marker was used. 6 of the 21 bands produced by two primers (OPL-03 and OPI-05), which indicated variability between the isolates examined, were polymorphic and ranged in size from 250 to 1 kb. The phylogenetic analysis for two primers used in this study led to classification into three clusters, the first includes PO1 and the second cluster includes PO8 and the third major cluster contained 3 classes (first class includes PO7 second class PO9 and third class contains PO3, PO4, PO2, PO5and PO6. Conclusions Genetic diversity and genetic relatedness of the examined wild P. ostreatus were revealed by RAPD. This will enhance the selection of strains for additional utilizations and documentations
Growth, Biomass, and Yield Responses of Agricultural Crops to Water Deficit Stress: A Review
Get PDFVarious environmental stresses influence crop plants, affecting their growth and development and ultimately decreasing their productivity. Drought is a particularly harmful abiotic stressor to plant growth and yield in agricultural production, which has an impact on global food security. Global climate change accompanied by drought stress gradually depletes agriculture and affects food security globally. In plants, a better understanding of the morpho-physiological and biochemical basis of changes in water stress resistance could be used to select or create new varieties of crops to obtain better productivity under water deficit conditions. Globally, millets are a major food crop that has an extensive economic influence on developing countries. By elucidating the complex interactions between crops and water stress, this review provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and agricultural practitioners seeking to enhance crop resilience and mitigate the impacts of water scarcity on global food security
Estimation Renalase Concentration in Iraqi Patients with End Stage Renal Disease in Hilla Province
Get PDFESKD is a major contributor to Iraq`s high healthcare costs and a prevalent, debilitating condition that shortens and worsens patients` lives. These individuals often suffer from diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and they have a significant risk of dying from cardiovascular causes. Dialysis or kidney transplantation are the mainstays of renal replacement treatment in ESKD management. We collected 100 blood samples from patients with stage renal illness admitted to Merjan Teaching Hospital in Babylon Province, Iraq. Everyone involved, from the patients to the 100-person control group of healthy adults ranging in age from 11 to 80, belonged to the same Arab ethnic group. Results showed that renalase levels varied by an average of pg/ml in both the experimental and control groups. The serum of individuals with end-stage renal disease had significantly higher renalase levels (184.21± 4.97 pg/ml) compared to the healthy group (44.06±7.21 pg/ml) (P <0.05).conclusion: In this study, we looked at the renalase levels of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who were on hemolysis. These individuals had elevated serum renalase levels. Research shows that renalase production is higher in people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and gets worse as the disease progresses. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are undergoing hemolysis are most likely to have elevated serum renalase concentrations due to compensatory synthesis in extrarenal organs caused by hypertension and alterations in the cardiovascular system. It is possible that serum renalase`s enhanced degradation of catecholamines is responsible for the lower plasma concentrations of these substances. This could be proof that renalase is involved in catecholamine metabolism.
 
Effect of Different Temperatures on Germination Parameters of (Coral Trees), Erythrina Lysistemon Seeds From Al-Bayda City, Libya
Get PDFIn Libya, there are no papers on the effects of temperature on the germination of imported tree seed. So, this study aimed to determine the optimal temperature for Erythrina lysistemon seed germination. Over 10 days, germination tests were performed under five constant temperatures (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40°C), and two alternating temperatures (20-25 °C and 25-30 °C 12 h/ temperature) during the dark period after soaking the scratched seeds in distilled water for 24 hours. Results indicated that different temperatures significantly affected germination at (p < 0.05), in the reduction of germination percentage, mean germination time, mean daily germination, radical, plumule and seedling length, seedling vigor index, and fresh seedling weight. The results showed no seed germination occurred under the lowest temperature 5°C, or the highest one 40°C. On the contrary, the germination tests revealed that the optimum temperature was alternating temperature (25-30°C), Followed by constant temperature (30 °C), compared to other temperatures.
 
Examining the use of African mistletoe (Tapinanthus globiferus (A. digitata) from Dutsin-Ma to control human fungal infections
Get PDFNumerous skin conditions are mostly brought on by fungi, particularly in underdeveloped nations. Chemotherapies may be derived from natural compounds with therapeutic efficacy. Without any supporting evidence, Tapinanthus globiferus has been widely used in ethnomedicine to cure fungal infections, diabetes, cancer, ulcers, and hypertension. The purpose of this study was to use agar well diffusion techniques to screen the phytochemical constituents and assess the antifungal properties of T. globiferus`s aqueous methanolic leaf extract against a few clinical fungal isolates, such as Alternaria nees, Microsphaeropsis arundis, and Aspergillus niger. The African mistletoe Tapinanthus globiferous is a parasitic plant that grows on several plants, including citrus, Videx doniana, Adensonia digitatata, Piliostigma thonningii etc. Saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoid, and flavonoids were detected in the Aqeous methanolic leaf extract of T. globiferus growing on Vitex doniana, Adensonia digitata, Vitellaria paradoxa, and Piliostigma thomningiii, but terpenoid was not present in the T. globiferous growing on Vitellaria paradoxa.. The presence of this antifungal activity of T. globiferous is not as a result of a single phytochemical. The MIC of T. globiferous growing on the host plants was determined using disc diffusion method. The antifungal activity of T. globiferous growing on the respective host plants increase with increase in concentration. At some concentration the activity of the extract is higher than that of Fluconazole. All the fungal isolates are susceptible to T. globiferous except Microsphaeropsis arundis. Since the aqueous methanolic leaf extract of T. globiferus exhibits strong antifungal activity against a few chosen fungus species and clearly supports the plant`s ethnomedical use in treating fungal infections, the use of this plant as an antifungal drug seems encouraging.
 
Re-Correcting the Scientific Nomenclature of Species of Erythrina Trees Introduced to Libya
Get PDFErythrina spp. known as South African coral, one of the ornamental trees common in many countries worldwide, its presence was recently reported in Libya in 2019 AD as Erythrina humeana Spreng. This work was carried out to verify the taxonomic status of these trees in Al-Bayda City, Libya, after describing them accurately, reviewing the taxonomic keys for this genus and reviewing the digital herbarium (NYBG). The results and discussions of this study focused on the morphological characteristics of this species and its scientific name. The results of the taxonomic morphological field study showed that tree species found in Al-Bayda City belong to named is back to Erythrina lysistemon Hutch., not the previously known name Erythrina humeana Spreng., due to the presence of fundamental differences in several morphological characteristics (height, flower structure, leaf shape and flowering date). In this work, we propose to rename this species as E.lysistemon Hutch., as a preliminary treatment.
 
Nano Biotechnology, Usage, Application and Challenges in Microbiology (Mini Review)
Get PDFNanotechnology is a broad scientific discipline that has permeated almost every branch of study. Nanotechnology has significant applications in various fields such as environment, agriculture, industry, and medicine. It is particularly valuable in the diagnosis and treatment of microbial illnesses caused by bacteria, fungus, and viruses. This article provides concise explanations regarding the utilization of nanotechnology in the food industry and provides a summary of the various applications of nanotechnology in the field of microbiology. The discussion revolved around the applications of nano-particles, such as their antibacterial activity, as well as the use of nano-sensors for detecting microbes. However, it is necessary to take some measures while utilizing nanotechnology applications in order to prevent any potential toxicological and adverse impacts on both human health and the environment
Diversity and Species Composition of Phyco-Periphyton on Some Macrophytes in Rafin Makaranta Stream, Bauchi
Get PDFWater quality is essential to human health due to its direct influence on ecosystems and public health. This study analyzed selected physicochemical parameters and the phyco-periphyton assemblage on aquatic macrophytes in Rafin Makaranta Stream, Bauchi, Nigeria, from February to September 2021 at four sampling sites. The objectives were to evaluate the stream`s physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Phyco-periphyton samples were collected by carefully cutting aquatic macrophytes with a sharp razor blade and preserving them in 4% formalin. Standard methods were used to analyze physicochemical parameters, which showed ranges for temperature (24.5 - 34.9°C), pH (7.2 - 8.9), conductivity (0.46 - 0.67 µS/cm), total dissolved solids (338 - 472 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (2.09 - 7.2 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (0.66 - 3.67 mg/L), total suspended solids (0.1 - 0.3 mg/L), turbidity (20 - 162 NTU), nitrate (0.2 - 16.7 mg/L), and phosphate (0.1 - 0.9 mg/L). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that biochemical oxygen demand had the greatest positive environmental impact, followed by total dissolved solids and temperature. Additionally, Pearson correlation showed a positive association between total dissolved solids, temperature, and turbidity, suggesting their combined effect on water quality dynamics. Six macrophytes, including Nymphaea lotus (18.18%), Ludwigia abyssinica (9.09%), Hygrophila auriculata (18.18%), Pistia stratiotes (27.27%), and Typha domingensis (18.18%), served as essential habitats for the periphyton community. The periphyton identified comprised four classes: Bacillariophyta (6 genera), Chlorophyta (11 genera), Cyanophyta (7 genera), and Euglenophyta (3 genera), with Chlorophyta being dominant at 44%, followed by Cyanophyta (39%), Bacillariophyta (12%), and Euglenophyta (5%). Notable nutrient enrichment indicators, including Melosira, Scenedesmus, Oscillatoria, and Anabaena, were observed. Canonical Correspondence Analysis highlighted temperature, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen as significant physicochemical factors affecting the structure, composition, and distribution of the periphytic community. Overall, the findings suggest that Rafin Makaranta Stream is impacted by both natural and human-related factors, which influence its algal community and contribute to water contamination. Continued monitoring is recommended to confirm these findings and effectively manage potential environmental impacts.
 
Assessment of the Impact of Paraquat-Induced Genotoxicity in Sorghum bicolor (Guinea Corn)
Get PDFThis study investigated the genotoxicity effects of Paraquat herbicide, a non-selective paraquat-based herbicide, on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity in germinated guinea seeds. The guinea corn seeds were germinated in distilled water medium and then treated with varying concentrations of Paraquat herbicide (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0ml, diluted in 20 ml of water), with three samples per concentration. By day 7, no root emergence was observed, and by day 10, all seedlings showed signs of decay. DNA damage was analyzed using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, along with chromosomal analysis for aberrations. Results indicated a dose-dependent genotoxic effect, evidenced by chromosomal fragmentation, micronuclei formation, and DNA strand breaks in treated samples. The findings reveal that high concentrations of Paraquat herbicide significantly compromise Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity in guinea corn, raising concerns on the damages and impacts this herbicides can cause on a broader term involving other crop genetic