International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Production and optimization of Polyhydroxybutyrate and its application in bioplastic production
Get PDFPolyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a natural biopolymer by wide range of microbes which is a storage granule used by microbes as an energy as well as carbon source. PHB exhibit stiffness, brittle to rubber like, biodegradable, environment friendly properties. In present work isolates was produced Polyhydroxybutyrate by using Nitrogen deficient medium and modified LB medium with glucose as carbon source. Maximum production was observed in Modified LB medium as compared to nitrogen deficient medium. Extraction of bacterial PHB was done by sodium hypochlorite method; selected bacteria produced 2.10g/L PHB .Confirmation of PHB molecule was by FTIR & TLC. Extracted bacterial PHB was capable to produce biodegradable plastic which shows water tolerance activity. PHB production was found to be maximum at optimum pH 7.5, 37°C, 3% inoculums percentage and glucose concentration 20g/L.
 
In-vitro ACE inhibitor, Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxicity study of Salvia (Chia) and Ocimum (Basil) Seeds
Get PDFChia seeds from Salvia hispanica and Basil seeds from Ocimum basilicum are increasingly being categorized as a novel food and have received scientific attention due to presence of high amounts of nutraceutical compounds. Recent studies demonstrate that both seeds are used as a medicine for the treatment of various kinds of diseases. Present study aims to determine their antihypertensive potential, anti-inflammatory action, and cytotoxicity. Hypertension is a major risk factor and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is one of the major regulators of blood pressure. Inflammation is response of body to an injury or infection. Drugs which are used as ACE inhibitors and anti-inflammatory possess undesirable side effects, while natural inhibitors have no side effects and are potential nutraceutical. In vitro assays were used to determine ACE inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxicity assay for crude extract of defatted chia and basil seeds was done on human histiocytic lymphoma cell line (U937) by MTS assay. ACE inhibition activity assay showed that ethanolic and hexane extracts of both seeds have distinct ACE inhibitory activity. Both seed extracts had shown higher activity at 150 and 50 µg/mL concentrations respectively. Results of anti-inflammatory assay showed maximum protection of HBRC (Human Red Blood Cell Membrane Stabilization Method) at 50 and 75 µg/mL concentrations for both seeds in ethanolic and methanolic extracts. MTS assay showed 73.20% and 70.85% cytotoxicity of Chia and Basil seeds at 12.50 and 50µg/mL concentrations respectively. IC50 values of Chia and Basil seeds were found to be 14.09µg/mL and 23.46µg/mL. This study provides direction for future investigation concerning detailed assessment of therapeutic potential of Chia and Basil seeds.
 
Isolation and Characterisation of Beta-sitosterol from the rhizomes of Arisaema utile and its Evaluation for Antioxidant Activity
Get PDFThe aim of this study is isolation, identification and characterized the bioactive compounds from the rhizomes of arisaema utile. Preliminary Phytochemical screening of the rhizome extract of arisaema utile revealed the presence of Steroids, terpenoids, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins & Carbohydrates. The air dried rhizomes were pulverized to powder, subjected to Soxhlet extraction and compound Isolation. The isolated compound was colorless crystalline, which was further subjected to IR, 13CNMR and 1HNMR for proper characterization and elucidation of the structure. The compound was concluded as β-Sitosterol. Antioxidant activity of the isolated compound was measured by DPPH assay under in-vitro condition. The isolated compound showed most promising radical scavenging activity at concentration of 10μg/ml.
 
Comparative analysis of plant growth promoting activity of iron, silver and zinc oxide metal nanoparticles.
Get PDFNanotechnology is a developing field in science and technology with diverse applications. Among the different types of nanomaterials synthesised, metal nanoparticles are widely used due to their enhanced catalytic, chemical and other physical properties. The field of agriculture is undergoing major quest for innovative methods to enhance the productivity of the crops. Metal ions are vital in plant growth as macro and micro elements for carrying out a number of physiological processes. These metal ions in the form of nanoparticles with multi-faceted properties are most of the time promoting the plant growth. Growth and development of plants is known to be influenced by a number of metal oxide nanoparticles and there are many established studies indicating the improvement of plant systems in the presence of the metals as nanoparticles. A comparative study was carried out with biologically synthesized iron, silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on the seed germination and plant growth in potted plants of potato (Solanum tuberosum), carrot (Daucus carota), and beetroot (Beta vulgaris). From the study it is evident that silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles have promoted early germination as well as increased the shoot length in potato plant when compared to iron nanoparticles. A significant increase in shoot length when compared to the control has been observed with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Simultaneously the effect on micro flora of soil has been analysed which showed an increased in the presence of iron and zinc oxide nanoparticles and decrease with silver nanoparticles. The statistical analysis by ANOVA test revealed that the significance value p < 0.05 which states that there is a significant impact of metal nanoparticles on plant growth.
 
Studies on Azo dye degradation using green synthesized nanoparticles
Get PDFRelease of textile Azodyes from industries is a health issue of concern as they are carcinogenic. Azodyes mostly act as recalcitrant molecules which are polluting the environment and so biodegradation of azodyes is necessity. Green synthesized nanoparticles can be used to biodegrade different azodyes. The present study is concentrated on biodegradation of azodyes using nanoparticles synthesized from seven different plant extracts like Camellia sinensis, Mentha officinalis, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Piper betle, Punica granatum, Aloevera and Amaranthus. Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) and Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using different aqueous solutions like CuSO4 and AgNO3 respectively. Synthesis of nanoparticles was studied at various time intervals like 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs. The Azodyes were studied for decolorization at varying time intervals. Various azodyes studied includes congo red, tryphan blue, methyl red and malachite green at different concentrations ranging from 0.2 mg/mL - 1.0 mg/mL. AgNP’s produced by Aloevera and Ocimum tenuiflorum has shown degradation of only two different azo dyes methyl red and malachite green respectively. The same results obtained by CuNPs synthesized from leaf extracts of Mentha officinalis, Camellia sinensis, Piper betle and Punia granatum which showed degradation of same azo dyes methyl red and malachite green. Whereas AgNPs produced by Amaranthus has shown the degradation of three different azo dyes congo red, malachite green and methyl red. However, tryphan blue could not be degraded by any of the nanoparticles. Comparatively the degradation of azodye methyl red was found to be highest by AgNP’s synthesized from Camellia sinensis which varied with time and was 100% by 72 hours. The degradation of azodye malachite green was found to be highest by CuNP’s synthesized from Camellia sinensis which varied with time and was 100% by 72hours whereas the degradation of azo dye congo red was shown only by CuNP’s synthesized from Amaranthus which varied with time and was 91% by 72hours. Increased concentration of nanoparticles enhanced the azodye degradation resulting in decolourization within 48 hours. Thus, the green synthesized nanoparticles can be used for efficient degradation of different azo dyes giving scope for development of treatment technologies of industrial dye waste waters.
 
Exploration of food preservation potential of Syzygium cumini and Actinidia deliciosa seed extracts
Get PDFFood spoilage is any change in food which makes it inedible. It is a major challenge in retail and food service, hence proper processing and storage practices are required in food industry. The food manufacturers and processors have achieved high level food preservation through several advanced technologies. Food preservation using natural products of less economic importance has gained prominence in the recent times. In the present research work, Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) leaves, Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi) seed powder, Punica granatum (Pomegranate) seed powder, Allium sativum (Garlic) peel powder, Zingiber officinale (Ginger) peel powder, Syzygium cumini (black plum, jamun) seed powder, Citrus sinensis (Orange) peel powder, Allium cepa (Onion) powder, Trapa natans (water chestnut, singhara) peel powder were tested for its antimicrobial activity against four food spoilage organisms. Of all the products tested, water and ethanolic extracts of S. cumini and A. deliciosa seed powders showed maximum inhibition. The MIC of Syzygium cumini and Actinidia deliciosa seed extracts was determined by Agar well diffusion method. Stability of the extracts at various temperature and pH ranges were also evaluated. S.cumini and A. deliciosa seed extracts were incubated at various temperatures (37o C, 40o C, 50o C, 80o C, 121o C) and pH ranges (2, 4, 8, 10, 12). Syzygium cumini and Actinidia deliciosa were stable at different temperatures, and at different pH ranges only A.deliciosa was stable but not S.cumini. Tomato sauce was incubated with the effective seed extracts and checked for its food preservation efficiency.
 
Isolation and Determination of Lipase activity in germinating Arachis hypogaea by Entrapment method
Get PDFLipases (E.C.3.1.1.3) are classes of hydrolases that are responsible for the hydrolysis of acyl glycerides. They catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in the triacylglycerol and releases free fatty acids .They possess unique feature of acting at the aqueous and non-aqueous interface. Lipases have wide applications in the field of food industry to prepare variety of food products, detergent industry as lipid stain digesters, leather industry for processing hides and skin and are also used in manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, SCP, biosensor preparation and in waste management. The aim of this study was to isolate lipase enzyme from germinating Arachis hypogaea and to perform immobilization of the enzyme by entrapment and find its efficiency. Lipase was isolated from germinating seeds using ice cold acetone and dried. Powder was re suspended in distilled water, centrifuged to get the enzyme extract. The enzyme extract was used for determining its activity by titrimetric method using olive oil as substrate. Lipase activity was maximum (1.416X103 U/ml) on fourth day and it was used for immobilization with different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) of calcium alginate and agarose as entrapment method. The obtained gel beads were washed thoroughly with buffer to remove the unbound enzyme. Lipase activity was determined in immobilized and unimmobilized samples. Immobilization efficiency was found to be high with 1% Ca- alginate and 1.5% agarose when compared with other beads. Immobilized lipase enzyme with 1% Calcium alginate showed maximum enzyme activity at 10˚C at pH 6.5 when compared to others. Lipases from germinating seeds when immobilized were found to be stable and so isolation and immobilization of lipase from oil rich germinating seeds may reduce the cost of free enzyme production as they have wide applications in industries.
 
Impact of heavy metal, cadmium (II) on glycogen content of the freshwater bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis in monsoon season
Get PDFAquatic environment gets polluted by heavy metals because of their environmental persistence and ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Cadmium is a ubiquitous toxic heavy metal, biologically non-essential element, it is not biodegradable and has a very long biological half-life. The aim of the present study was to assess the glycogen content in different body parts i.e. Mantle, gill, gonad, hepatopancreas, siphon, foot, anterior adductor muscle and posterior adductor muscle of freshwater bivalvemolluscs Lamellidens marginalis exposed to lethal concentrations of cadmium chloride after 96 hrs acute toxicity of exposure. The results clearly showed In LC0 group compared with control group the content significantly increased from gill (67.62% P<0.01) followed by hepatopancreas (51.89% P<0.01) and gonad (21.14% P<0.01) and Decreased significantly from siphon (47.87% P<0.01), Anterior adductor muscle (42.73% P<0.01), posterior adductor muscle (40.33% P<0.01), mantle (4.24% P<0.01) and foot (3.28% P<0.01).In LC50 group compared with control content showed increase significantly from mantle (41.08% P<0.01) and Decreased significantly from foot (63.27% P<0.01), siphon (46.89% P<0.01), gonad (45.45% P<0.01),hepatopancreas (29.70% P<0.01), gill (21.75% P<0.05) anterior adductor muscle (17.65%) and Posterior adductor muscle (7.40% P<0.01) showed non significant. The influence of toxicant cadmium chloride in selected tissues of freshwater bivalve mollusks Lamellidens marginalis was taken into account in evaluating to response against stressor. Hence, we can use glycogen content as biomarker of cadmium stress in bivalve mollusks
 
Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity and Antitumor of Bergia suffruticosa (whole plant)
Get PDFBergia suffruticosa (Elatinaceae) is a plant that is collected from western Sudan. It is popularly used traditionally in the treatment as wounds healer and osteitis. This research aims to screen the cytotoxicity as well as antioxidants and the impact as antitumor of Bergia suffruticosa metabolites. Metabolites were extracted using different organic solvents to increasing polarity. The antioxidant was assessed using free radical scavenging activity DPPH. The petroleum ether extract was revealed the strongest antioxidant with IC50 89±0.01µg/ml, while the aqueous extract was revealed no antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using the Brine shrimp lethality assay. Petroleum ether metabolites revealed high cytotoxicity with LD50 0.04ppm while the other metabolites were exhibited no cytotoxicity. The antitumor activity was assessed using SRB assay against tumor cell lines, breast carcinoma cell line (MCF7), Prostate carcinoma cell line (PC3), colon carcinoma cell line (HCT116). All metabolites were revealed activity against all cancer cells tested. The highest activity against breast cancer was exhibited by ethyl acetate with IC50 17 µg/ml. the petroleum ether extract was revealed the highest activity against prostate cancer cells with IC50 17.9 µg/ml.
 
Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Anti-Obesity Immunoglobulins for Immunoprophylaxis and Therapy
Get PDFObesity is one of the largest and fastest growing public health problems in the world. The pharmacological options for obesity treatment remain quite limited. Recently, one of the potential exciting research areas is the development of innovative therapeutic molecular vaccines and immunoglobulins. Here, we developed novel immunoglobulins against obesity containing anti-ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) IgY to block the activity of the appetite-stimulating hormone "ghrelin". Its preliminary pre-clinical evaluation was applied into 3 mice groups, (A) was fed standard pellet chow, (B) was fed a high-fat diet with metabolizable energy contents of 13% kcal from fat and (C) was fed a high-fat diet with metabolizable energy contents of 45% kcal from fat. Oral immunization with this biologics successfully induced beneficial responses that attenuated body weight gain by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Anti-GOAT IgY is a promising approach for the treatment of obesity by oral administration but further studies are still required before entry into clinical trials as its effect on physical activity and visceral adipose tissue.