International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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A Comparative Study between Plant and Callus Extracts: Analysis of Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Properties of Ormocarpum Sennoides (Willd.) DC
Get PDFA comparative study was conducted between the in vivo grown plant and in vitro callus of Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC using aqueous, methanol and ethyl acetate as solvents. MS medium supplemented with BAP 2.0 mg/L + IAA 3.0 mg/L has shown the highest callus induction percentage of 86.7% with the maximum callus weight of 1.03g. Ormocarpum sennoides contains a maximum of 7% total ash. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the aqueous, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of both plant and callus showed the presence of many phytochemical compounds. FTIR analysis of plant and callus aqueous extract had a maximum characteristic band at 3403.18 cm -1 indicating the presence of O-H stretching and 3406.51 cm-1 indicating the presence of N-H stretching respectively. The GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of the plant indicates the presence of Alpha.-Methyl Mannofuranoside and Silane,[[(3.Beta.)-Gorgost-5-en-3-yl]oxy]Trimethyl-. Callus extract indicates the presence of D-Glucopyranoside, Methyl 3-O-Methyl, Ala-.Beta.-Ala, Trimethylsilyl ester and 4-Pentadecyne,15-chloro-. Plant extract exhibited maximum total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity than callus extracts. Methanol and ethyl acetate plant showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 6 mm against Bacillus subtilis. While the ethyl acetate extract of both plant and callus showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 7mm against Escherichia coli. Aqueous extract of plant and callus showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 10mm and 9mm against Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Anticancer studies revealed that in vivo plant has the inhibitory percentage of 24.9% whereas callus exhibits only 9.3% as an inhibitory percentage against HeLa cells
The Effect of Cadmium on Some Tissues of Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio Fingerlings
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to describe the histological changes and abnormalities in some parts (liver - kidney - gill) of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. The fingerlings were brought from AL-sin fish farm, and high concentrations of cadmium (in the form of hydrated cadmium sulfate) were used along 6 days period of Experience. Stained metal smears and histological abnormalities such as necrosis, degeneration, and nuclei disorders were observed in the tissues, in response to this metal. There was a blemish in the liver of fingerlings exposed to high concentration of hydrated cadmium sulphate. We conclude that cadmium has a negative effect on tissues quality and on occurrence of tissue deformities. These distortions increase at the higher concentrations which in turn affects the functions of these organs and causes fingerling mortality, and the liver, kidneys and gills can be recommended as biomarkers, due to their high sensitivity to this element
Microbiological Qualities of Some Borehole and Well Water in Industrial and Sewage Disposal Sites of Kano Metropolis
Get PDFThe paper investigated some borehole and Well waters located within industrial and sewage disposal sites of Bompai, Sharada (Sabuwar gandu), Challawa (Tsamawa) and Gyadigyadi, (court road), Wailari, with a view to determine their microbiological qualities. A total of fifty (50) samples. Ten (10) wells and Ten (10) boreholes (two from each location) were sampled and analyzed for their bacterial counts, coli form, faecal coliform counts, staphylococcal count and salmonella-shigella count using standard microbiological techniques. Cultural, morphological characharistics of the isolates revealed the presence of the following bacteria; Escherichia coli, proteus spp. Pseudomonas spp. Klebsella spp. Enteobacter sp., Staphylococcus spp. Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. The mean bacterial load of boreholes (x104cfu/ml) were 1.83, 1.85, 0.17, and 0.13 for total viable count while in well water samples (x104cfu/ml) was 1.254, 0.437, 0.823, 1.234, and 1.982, In-vitro sensitivity test against 16 common antibacterial agents demonstrated high multiple-resistance incidence to, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cabenicillin, Chloramphenicol, Cotrimoxazol, Cephalexin, Cefotaxime and Cloxacin, and lower resistance frequencies (0-33%) to Erythromycin, Floxacin, Nitrofuranton, Gentamicin, Metronidazole, Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Tetracyclin were however observed. Results also indicated the presence of potentially drug-resistant strains of some bacteria in all the sources except some borehole water samples. The result shows that some of the borehole and well samples are not within the recommended limit of WHO (2006) and NSDWQ (2007) standard for drinking water. The borehole and well water should therefore be protected and treated before consumption
GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Marine Enterobacter Cloacae Mariam ADRA1*, Badr ALALI2 and Ahmad KARA ALI3
Get PDFAntimicrobial substances are so widespread that they are likely to play an important therapeutic role. Many researches showed that microorganisms produce important biochemical compounds, which were used in different domains (medical, pharmaceutical, industrial). The present study aimed to isolate a marine bacterium and study the bioactivity of its methanolic crude extracts. Marine water samples were collected for the isolation of bacteria based on their growth density and then identified depended on morphological, microscopic characterization and biochemical tests. The antibiotics sensitivity was estimated by DL-96II Auto Microbial ID/AST System, While the effectiveness of the methanolic extract was determined by agar- well diffusion method. The compounds in the organic extract of the isolated bacteria were identified by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their bioactivity was studied. The results showed that these bacteria is Enterobacter cloacae and showed resistance to six from twenty antibiotics. The bioactivity of extract was higher against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli than Staphylococcus aureus. The chemical analysis of the organic extract showed that eighteen chemical compounds have medical and pharmaceutical importance.
 
Extraction and Isolation of capsaicin from Capsicum annum L (CO-1) variety by High-performance liquid chromatography and its Bioactivities
Get PDFCapsaicin is a nutritional factor, the active component of chilli, which is responsible for the pungent component of chilli. Chilli has diverse uses as a spice, condiment, culinary supplement, Medicine, vegetable and ornamental plant. Aim of the study: Stimulation and enhancement of capsaicin content by polyploidy induction, quantification of enhanced capsaicin, its cytotoxicity and Bioactivity studies. Materials and methods: Healthy 3 varieties (CO-1, K2, Jwala) of Capsicum annum L. (chilli) was selected for enhancement of capsaicin content by polyploidy induction. The variety showing high capsaicin content in the fifth generation was chosen for further study. The enhanced capsaicin was isolated by silica gel column chromatography and purified using HPLC. Cytotoxicity was studied in onion root tips by root tip squash method and Vero cell lines. Anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of Albumin denaturation method and Anti-cancer activity by MTT assay was studied using the enhanced capsaicin. Results: Of the 3 chilli varieties selected, CO-1 showed high and enhanced capsaicin content in the fifth generation. By HPLC, with a retention time of 1.368 min, 72.93% purity was obtained against control having a retention time of 1.337min of 41.4% purity recorded. Cytotoxicity of onion root tips showed no cell abnormalities and hence was found to be non-toxic to the cells. In the Vero cell line assay, the IC50 value and the viability of the cell line was 60.39% in treated and 58.79% in control of 100 µg/ml concentration. Anti-inflammatory activity of enhanced Capsaicin also showed maximum inhibition rate of 81.23% against 76.26% in control using 100 µg/ml. In Anti-cancer activity, IC50 dose was 6.25μg/ml in treated whereas untreated capsaicin showed 25μg/ml. Thus, enhanced Capsaicin shows a significant anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity.
 
Incidence of COVID-19 and Its Correlation between Temperature and Population Density
Get PDFMeteorological parameters are the important factors influencing the infectious diseases such as SARS and influenza. A study of the prevalence of COVID-19 for each country as a function of temperature was used to define significant differences in temperature and relative humidity. The number of deaths caused by COVID-19, the meteorological parameters and geographical region data were collected from 28th March 2020 to 7th April 2020 worldwide. The correlation of population, population density, and temperature in cities where COVID-19 outbreaks are already becoming epidemics was studied. Generalized additive model was applied to explore the effect of temperature, humidity and population density with the number of cases confirmed, recovered and number of deaths of COVID-19. Worldwide, there were 7,52,394 confirmed, 5,23,480 actives, 1,50,732 recovered and 36,196 death cases due to COVID-19 confirmed. In the duration of case study, the range of the temperature was varied from -7°C to 37 °C. In Mongolia, where temperature range was about -6°C to 1°C, 14 cases were confirmed from the 32,78,290 population and in Burkina Faso, where temperature range was 27 °C to 37 °C, 214 cases were confirmed from the 2,09,03,273 population. USA, a very large area, has different temperature range in different states. For example, in Gaum, USA, there were 56 confirmed cases found in spite of the average temperature of 29°C and humidity 72%, whereas in Alaska, USA, with average temperature of -3°C and humidity 28%, there were found 102 confirmed cases. In summary, this study suggests that the temperature variation and humidity may not be the important factors affecting the COVID-19 mortality.
 
Isolation and Identification of Fungi from Peanut Samples Sold at Adama City Markets, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Get PDFPeanut is a legume crop that belongs to the family of Fabaceae, genus Arachis, and botanically named as Arachis hypogaea. Peanuts have been consumed in a variety ways in Adama city perhaps with poor hygiene condition. The major consumers of peanuts in Adama are Khat chewers and people who may consume roasted barely grain with nuts. Fungal contamination associated with peanut seeds sold at Adama city markets and streets were examined in the present study. Examination was performed depending on the morphological features of the fungal genera. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was prepared and autoclaved at 121oC for 15min. Peanut seeds were surface sterilized with 70% alcohol and rinsed with water and plated in the petri dish containing PDA. Incubation temperature was 25oC and the fungal growth were observed for 5 days. The isolated fungi were then sub cultured on another prepared PDA and used for identification. From the observed growth features and color of the fungal colonies, four taxa of fungi were examined and those were Aspergillus species, Penicillium species, Fusarium species and Mucor species. The study revealed that almost all the 225 peanut samples were infected by one of the four fungal genera. Aspergillus species were identified to be the most prevalent isolates with a percentage of 45.5% followed by Penicillium (32.9%). The rest Fusarium species and Mucor species were the least prevalent with proportion of 10.9% and 10.5%, respectively. The hot and arid climate of the city appears to be one main reason for the acceleration of the fungal growth in peanut. Further surveillance and setting regulation by the government on seed pathogens will play a great role in reduction of those fungi.
 
Eco-Friendly Wash of Textiles with Microbial Surfactants Produced By a Novel Bacterium Bacillus Mesophilus
Get PDFSoaping treatment is significant for delivering quality final results in the material completing cycle. Material materials are right now treated with compound surfactant however they are hurtful to oceanic species. The utilization of biotechnology offers fascinating inventive endeavors for taking care of these issues. Biosurfactants are extracellular surface-dynamic specialist delivered by a few microbes. In this investigation, biosurfactant is delivered by bacillus mesophilus utilizing distinctive substrate medium. The various shades of cotton coloured texture was treated with biosurfactant utilizing different focuses and contrasted and concoction surfactant. Biosurfactant goes about as an antimicrobial agent and it has stable emulsification properties. The greatest creation acquired utilizing substrate (palm oil 2%) was about 3.5g/l. The red, green and dark coloured cotton texture was treated with both concoction surfactant and biosurfactant (1-1.5 g/L). Biosurfactant goes about as a successful surface-dynamic operator for the expulsion of receptive colours from cellulosic material. It indicated a better wash quickness result (CF 4-5) in biosurfactant treated texture when contrasted with concoction surfactant treated texture. Bacillus mesophilus delivering biosurfactant as the best option for treating the cellulosic texture in the material business and this paper describes the expected utilization of bacterial biosurfactants in material washing measures for eliminating the unfixed colours.
 
Comparative Cytotoxicity of Standard of Care Treatment Drugs on Human Breast, Prostate, Colon, Cervical and Hepatic Cancer cell lines
Get PDFCurrently there are various standard of care drugs used for the treatment of various cancers. Understanding effectiveness of standard treatment over a broad range of cancer cell lines helps in selecting the most appropriate drug for a particular cancer type. We have performed a comprehensive study for seven standard of care drugs namely Cisplatin, Sunitinib, Carboplatin, Doxorubicin, 5-Fluorouracil, Tamoxifen and Paclitaxel over a panel of Breast (MDAMB231, MDAMB468, T47D), Prostate (DU145, PC3, LNCaP), Colon (COLO205, COLO320DM, HCT-15), Cervical (SiHa, HeLa) and Hepatic (HEP3B) Cancer cell lines for anticancer (tested by MTT Assay) and anticancer stem cell activity (tested by Sphere Assay and Wound Healing Assay, WHA).Our MTT results have indicated that Doxorubicin and Sunitinib are highly potent drugs exhibiting highest activity on SiHa {IC50- 0.24uM (±0.28)} and COLO205 {IC50 -2.64uM (±0.09)}. Paclitaxel also demonstrated very high activity in MTT assay for all cancer types’ especially high potency on co on: COLO205 {IC50-0.045uM (±0.03)}, COLO320DM {IC50- 0.058uM (±0.01)}, HCT15 {IC50- 0.007uM (±0.4)}. Interestingly, these three drugs have also demonstrated very good anti-CSC activity as indicated by ≥ 50% sphere reduction at 250nM for all cancer types and have exhibited remarkable reduction in growth (<30%) at scratch in WHA at the end of 48hrs.Overall, our findings suggest that Doxorubicin, Sunitinib and Paclitaxel have very high anticancer stem cell potential thereby qualifying to be used in combination therapy regimes
Traditional use and role of wild edible fern Diplazium esculentum and Pteridium aquilinum in socio-economic development of District Mandi of Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya
Get PDFPresent study has been conducted in (31°42` 29.4" N latitudes and 76° 55` 52.92" E longitudes) Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, North West Himalaya. It covers approximately 3,950 km2 area comprising 469 panchayats and 3374 villages with 2, 19, 145 households. The total human populations is 9, 99,777 and livestock population is 67355. District Mandi is endowed with rich floristic diversity and offers a rich source of wild food plants. Diplazium esculentum and Pteridium aquilinum are wild growing popular edible fern of District Mandi of Himachal Pradesh locally known as Lingad and Lingdu. Rural community in hills of district Mandi are directly and indirectly involved in collection and processing of these wild edible fern. They sell these ferns fresh and pickled. Value addition raises market value of these food plants up to 30 to 50%, as Diplazium esculentum is sold fresh at the price of Rs 40 to 80/kg in local market and its pickle is sold at comparatively high price of Rs 400 to 450/kg. Pickle is very much liked by local people and sold in local and national or international fair of Mandi region. It is served with local dishes like ‘siddu’ and ‘kachouri’ and is good source of earning for inhabitants of study area. Focused study on role and use of wild edible food plants at genus and species level was not done earlier, so present study was done to assess Traditional use and role of wild edible fern Diplazium esculentum and Pteridium aquilinum in socio-economic development of District Mandi of Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya.