International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Studies on blocking of replicase of human corona virus by bioactive compounds-In silico and Molecular Docking Studies
Get PDFThe sudden outbreak of COVID-19 as pandemic affected people at large and resulted in a high mortality rate throughout the world. Although according to WHO, more than 200 drugs are under the process of clinical trials, till date no proper medication is available for treating this pandemic. The present work was an attempt to provide information about the bioactive ingredients being present within the indigenous plants that can be used as a potential drug against SARS-CoVs since they show considerable interaction with the viral replicating protein; replicase 6W4B (PDB). It was observed the Quercetin and Curcumin had remarkable interaction with the target protein and had a binding energy of -52.273Kcal/mole and -43.909 Kcal/mole respectively that were comparatively higher than hydroxychloroquine. Both of the bioactive compounds possessed same docking site and interacted with GLNA 50 by a hydrogen bond, like that of hydroxychloroquine, a widely used remedial drug against COVID 19. This research may help in providing an alternative idea on drug development from the easily available indigenous plants for combating against COVID-19.
 
Agricultural Sciences: The Field for Promoting Human and Social Development
Get PDFFarming is a kind of process and methods of practicing cultivation with different kind of procedure; further agriculture is a broad concept than farming and cultivation. The scientific study, policies and procedure in respect of cultivation and further the agriculture is called Agricultural Science. It is worthy to note that, farming is done in a small area by the limited input but agriculture is consider and perform in a broader areas. Moreover in generally farming is considered as the way of cultivating for a family or small number of people whereas agricultural sciences is considered as just opposite of this. In the Agricultural there are lots of inputs and methods and thus it is known as Agricultural Systems. Further for dealing a broad area, scope and agenda with industrial support it is also refereeing as Industrial Agriculture. Modern agriculture systems are far different than traditional systems and it involves much wider in terms of production of food for humans as well as animal feeds. The worldwide increasing population has changed the way and methods of agricultural systems; today various new methods are directly adoptable in the agricultural systems. However in western world another name ?green revolution? has changed the systems of agricultural systems perfectly and as a result the farms are engaged in agriculture has engaged in more productively and types. Among the changes and new methods important are hydroponics, plant breeding, hybridization, gene manipulation, healthy soil management and nutrients, modern weeding controlling etc. Among the latest development and applications Genetic engineering is important which lead the capabilities beyond the traditional and higher yields and disease resistance. Modified seeds germinate faster, and thus grown rapidly. Genetic engineering of plants has proven controversial but still growing in many countries. The advancement of the technologies and management is also important and noticeable in agricultural sciences. The applications of the Information Technology and Management are important to note. This paper is conceptual in nature and deals with various aspects of agriculture specially the its basic, evolution, types, methods, emerging trends with reference to the sustainable agricultural development
 
Handling a Novel Nanoscale D-erythro-MAPP in Lung Cancer Treatment: An In vitro Cytotoxicity Research
Get PDFCancer disease cause high mortality rates through the world. Lung cancer has ranked between the most prevalent cancers among the rare cancer types. Surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiation are current techniques for its treatment. Besides traditional applications, it is necessary to explore and use more effective and inexpensive agents with low toxicity for lung cancer cure. While sphingolipids are the key bio-active elements of cellular membranes in high organisms, they serve as significant modulators of bio-functions of the cells as proliferation, division and death. Based on the above mentioned regulatory functions of ceramide molecule including with its role as cell signalling agent it has been regarded as a target for anticancer treatment with high potency. The utilization of nano-scale compounds for treatment approaches currently have become popular and initiate the invention of a variety of nano-materials with improved specific characteristics and multi-dimensional theranostic functions. Herein, a novel solid lipid nanoparticle of the ceramidase inhibitor, D-erythro-MAPP (D-e-MAPP), with modified targeting ability was designed, produced, and investigated as potential anticancer agent. Results imply to the high level pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic actions of the agent on lung cancer cells, thus it may be suggested for a high potent candidate for cancer therapy
 
Ambient Air Pollution and Histopathologic Effects of Quarry Industry on Liver and Kidney of Albino Rats
Get PDFThe present research studied the histopathologic effects of air pollution in a Quarry industry on the liver and kidney of albino rats. Thirty male albino rats were housed at various locations of the industry in five groups of five rats each for 90 days. Control animals were housed at a distance of 5.7km from the industry. Air sampling was done using gas monitor and analyzer at the same locations as in animal sampling. This was done three times at each point per day, and once a week for 90 days. From the results, levels of NO2 in the quarry ambient air were above the WHO standard values of 0.04-0.06mg/m3. Concentrations of SO2 in the quarry increased significantly compared (p<0.05) to the control and were also above the WHO standard value of 0.01mg/m3. The levels of particulate matter 1 (PM1) in the quarry increased significantly compared (p<0.05) to the control and also higher than the WHO standard value of 0.25µg/m3. The Concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the quarry industry were below the WHO standard value of 10.00µg/m3 except at the crusher with a concentration of 11.40±1.00µg/m3 in the afternoon. Levels of the heavy metals in the dust were significantly higher in the quarry compared (p<0.05) to the control. The values of chromium, arsenic and lead were above the Nigerian Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) standard values. Histopathological findings indicate that the albino rats suffered from cholate stasis and nephrosis but rats housed at the drilling pit and crusher sections of the quarry industry were greatly affected. These findings suggest that quarry workers who work without appropriate and effective safety equipments will likely suffer from liver and kidney injury and diseases.
 
Rediscovering the Diversity of Guatemalan Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Bombus Latreille, 1802)
Get PDFBumble bees (Bombus Latreille) play an essential role as pollinators of both wild and cultivated plants. Traditionally, these bees have been identified based on their color patterns, which in some cases vary among individuals of the same species, or different species, can share similar patterns and colorations allowing for inaccurate identifications. Despite these problems, Guatemalan reports on Bombus species have relied basically on color patterns. Here, we combine mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences and morphometric measurements, in an attempt to provide further information on the species limits of nine Bombus species occurring in Guatemala and also two species occurring in Mexico. When molecular analyses failed to distinguish between “morphological species” we applied traditional morphometrics using body measurements. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences allowed for the discrimination of seven of the eleven “morphological species” evaluated. The remaining four species clustered into two pairs of species that have problematic taxonomy (B. sonorous–B. pensylvanicus, and B. ephippiatus–B. wilmattae). Morphometric analysis performed on the B. ephippiatus–B. wilmattae pair indicated non-discrimination between these forms, supporting the hypothesis that these are a single species. Therefore, based on our results we confirm the presence of the following species in Guatemala: B. ephippiatus (including B. wilmattae as synonym), Bombus (Cullumanobombus) macgregori Labougle & Ayala, 1985, Bombus (Thoracobombus) medius Cresson, 1863, Bombus (Thoracobombus) mexicanus Cresson, 1878, Bombus (Thoracobombus) pullatus Franklin, 1913, Bombus (Psithyrus) variabilis (Cresson, 1872), Bombus (Thoracobombus) weisi Friese, 1903, and Bombus (Thoracobombus) xelajuensis Asperen de Boer, 1992.
 
Study on Induced Fermentative Methodology for the Production of Virgin Coconut Oil from two Cocos nucifera Varieties
Get PDFIn this study, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) was produced from West Coast Tall (WCT) and Deejay Coconuts (DJ) under induced fermentative methodology by employing Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum (9511) strains. This production methodology was optimized with temperature, PH, Inoculum concentration and Fermentation end time. The VCO yielding efficiencies were compared from two strains. Among the four parameters in the study, the maximum yielding efficiencies were obtained from WCT coconuts employing L. plantarum (9511) at 40±1ºC temperature, 5.5±0.1 PH, 7% (w/v) Inoculum concentration and 60hrs of fermentation end time. In conclusion, it has been observed that proximate analysis of VCO showed within the standard limits and also WCT Coconuts in combination with L. plantarum offered higher yield and better fatty acid proportion than the DJ Coconuts.
 
Impact of Distillery Effluent on Behaviour and Oxygen consumption of Cyprinus carpio (L.)
Get PDFThis paper deals the toxic effect of distillery effluent on behaviour and oxygen consumption of fish, Cyprinus carpio. The LC50 values after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours exposure of distillery effluent were found 2.8, 2.5, 2.3 and 2.0%, respectively. The response of the fish towards toxicity was grossly dependent on concentration and length of exposure. The opercular activity of Cyprinus carpio significantly increased with increase in effluent concentrations. Surface activity was increased with increase in the concentration of effluent upto a certain percentage and decreased thereafter in distillery effluent exposed fishes. A strong decreased (8.13 to 67.54%) in the rate of oxygen uptake was recorded in distillery effluent exposed fishes. The effect was more pronounced as the concentration and duration of exposure of distillery effluent increased. Thus, the present study revealed that fish, Cyprinus carpio are sensitive to distillery effluent toxicity and can be used as biological indicators.
 
Role of Wild Food Plants in Culinary Tourism Development of District Mandi Himachal Pradesh
Get PDFFood plays manifold role in the travel plans of holiday makers to choose any tourist destination. People love to experience local tradition and culture through authentic cuisine making culinary tourism an important discipline of tourism management. Culinary tourism is a growing trend in tourism industry as travelers are now becoming increasingly focused and passionate on defining cuisine as a true artistic expression of a state, region or country’s culture. In present scenario culinary tourism includes full range of experiences, cooking classes, street food, wild food, specialty restaurants, dhabas, wineries and many more. There is something for everyone in the cuisine tourism industry. District Mandi of Himachal Pradesh has tremendous potential as culinary tourism industry because there are various local wild food items, which are prepared by local peoples and served to tourist coming from all over the world. District Mandi geographically comes under Western Himalayan region, is with rich floristic diversity known for its rich nutritive and medicinal value. The local cuisines prepared from wild plants here can promote this area as a favorite tourist destination. Wild food plants like Morchella esculenta-Guichchhee, Myrica esculenta-kaphal, Dioscorea belophylla -Taradee, Syzygium cumini- Jaamun, Punica grantatum – Daadu, Cordia obliqua - Lasura, Rhododendron arboretum – Buraans and Diplazium esculentum- Lingad are known to have high market value. These are sold at high price, locally, nationally or internationally. So, can be a good source of earning for local people and will be helpful in entrepreneurship development and rural prosperity by enhancing socio-economic status of local people of Mandi District. So present study has been undertaken to promote 30 important delicious cum medicinal local wild food plants of the district Mandi that can attract tourist from all over the world and can help to promote this region of state as a favorite cuisine tourism destination.
 
Investigation of Weeds in Wheat Crops of Tehsil Kotli, Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
Get PDFWeed infestation is one of the most drastic factors which adversely affects the grain quantity as well as quality in cereal crops like wheat, which is a worldwide cultivated staple food crop. The aim of this research was to survey the weed species found in wheat growing in tehsil Kotli. The survey was performed from seeding to harvest during the wheat campaign 2019-2020. Thirty one weed species belonging to twenty six genera and sixteen families were reported. Most weed species (26%) belonged to the Asteraceae family followed by Poaceae (13%), Brassicaceae (10%), Polygonaceae (10%) and Papaveraceae (6%). Other minor families found belonged to Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae and Saxifragaceae. Rumex genus was the most represented by four species followed by Cirsium, Fumaria and Lepidium. Controls of these weeds require awareness of farmers about the use of ecofriendly methods (i.e. physical, biological and crop rotation) in a weed integrated management.
 
Multilocation Evaluation for yield and Yield Related Traits in Three-Way Cross Maize Hybrids in Kenya
Get PDFMaize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important crop after wheat and rice worldwide. It is the main staple food in Kenya. The objective of this study was to evaluate genotype by environment interactions and yield stability of twenty three-way cross hybrids at four locations in Kenya evaluated in two seasons. The experiment was conducted in an alpha lattice design (Incomplete Randomized Block Design) with three replications. There was significant variation for grain yield among the genotypes, locations and their interaction. Stability analysis was evaluated using the joint regression, additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) and GGE biplot methods. The environmental and genotypic means ranged from 2.72 to 7.67 and 2.39 to 5.56 respectively. The regression coefficient (βi) and deviation from regression (s2di) values of these genotypes ranged from 0.55 to 1.64 and 0.02 to 0.59 respectively. There were also significant differences for genotypes, environments and genotype by environment interaction for the AMMI analysis of variance. The total proportion of variation contributed by genotypes, environments and genotype by environment interaction was 8.82%, 76.03% and 9.17% respectively. When considering the Pi, βi, S2 di and the AMMI biplot analysis, the most stable genotype in the high yielding category in this study considering all stability parameters was WE-CMT-TWC-1001 (G1) followed by WE-CMT-TWC-1003 (G3) and WE-CMT-TWC-1020 (G20). The best genotype with both high mean yield and high stability was WE-CMT-TWC-1003 (G3). The genotypes identified could be utilized as reference for genotype evaluation and tested further for selection