International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Antifungal Properties of Biosurfactant Produced by Bacterial Strains SR17 and JS29 Against Phytopathogens of Rubber
Get PDFBiosurfactants are microbial metabolites synthesized by certain microorganisms, yeast, and fungi. They possess characteristic features showing physiological properties especially antifungal and antibacterial behaviour. Among all derivatives of glycolipid particularly the species Pseudomonas that contains rhamnose biosurfactants proves to have the highest potential in inhibiting the flourishing range of phytopathogens. The practical examples of spraying of pesticides and fertilizers in the agricultural fields result in a hazardous impact in plant growth hence the application of biosurfactants have a promising future in different aspects of sustainable agriculture because of being biodegradable and cost effective. The paper focused on the inhibition by biosurfactants obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa SR17, Pseudomonas aeruginosa JS29, Bacillus altitudinis MS16 and V1 strain (not yet identified) against the rapid growth of phytopathogenic fungal cultures. In the initial stage, the inhibitory impact of Cell Free Supernatant (CFS) of each bacterial strains were homogenized with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for analyzing upon phytopathogens. Later, the crude biosurfactant is extracted from centrifuged CFS at temperature 40°C under reduced pressure. Authors narrated that a 500mg/l concentration of crude is incorporated with PDA and analyzed for the inhibition. Paper concludes two noble strains SR17 and JS29, which demonstrate an average inhibition of 57% and 63% respectively. Biosurfactants of these two peculiar strains can be used effectively in the prevention of disease.
 
Mushroom for the National Circular Economy
Get PDFWithin the circular bio-economy, effective mushroom utilization through the key utilize of resources is fundamental in terms of producing profitable bioproducts, feasible improvement, and maximizing biological and socio-economic benefits. Commercial mushrooms are delivered on biowaste such as straw, saw tidy, and wood chips. As such, mushroom-forming fungi change over low-quality waste streams into high-quality food. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is ordinarily considered a waste material. Encourage investigation and advancement are required to create effective advances to empower the proficient exploitation of bioresources from mushroom. More prominent thought should be connected to vitality pathways to support such technologies. In this manner, there`s a request for development within the integrated approach in response to changing markets, and novel commercial models ought to be presented into the circular economy.
 
Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of the Distribution of CK 8/18 and CK-Cocktail in the Liver Epithelium of Three Vertebrate Species
Get PDFThe purpose of this study, is to perform immunohistochemical comparison of the liver epithelium in three vertebrate species: Hyla savignyi, Hemidactylus turcicus and Testudo graeca, by using the antibodies CK8/18 and CK-cocktail. This assay determines the evolution of animal tissues by investigating the presence of cytokeratin and its density in these tissues. The tissues have shown different expression levels using CK-cocktail antibodies, where the bile ducts gave a strong signal at Hyla savignyi, and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes gave a medium signal. As for Hemidactylus turcicus, the bile ducts gave a medium signal and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes gave a slight signal. However, the bile ducts and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes signals were strong at Testudo graeca, which confirms the existence of cytokeratin in the liver epithelium of the studied species. On the other hand, the tissues have shown CK8/18 -negative signal in Hyla savignyi and Hemidactylus turcicus, in contrast to the tissues of Testudo graeca.
 
Bio-Priming Seeds with PGPR of Bamboo Rhizosphere in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Seeds Germination
Get PDFThe decline in productivity of cocoa plantations in Indonesia is partly due to the low quality of seeds which refers to the impeded growth of cultivated cocoa nurseries. Of course this is a major problem. Bio-priming treatment with microbial Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can produce indolasetic acid hormone (IAA) in plants to improve the quality of seed germination. Bio-priming is the treatment of soaking seeds with microbes to improve the quality of plant growth. This study aims to determine the effect of bio-priming Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria bamboo rhizosphere on cocoa seed germination. This study was arranged in the form of a two-factor factorial design (F2F) in a randomized block design (RBD). The use of cocoa seed type as the first factor consisting of GTB (Gantarangkeke Bantaeng) local cocoa seed and MCC 01 cocoa seed and seed immersion treatment at PGH rhizosphere bamboo PGPR concentrations as the second factor consisting of 0% concentration (control), 5%, 10% and 15%. The results obtained indicate that the administration of seeds with bamboo rhizosphere PGPR affects the germination 100.00%, the speed of seed growth 7.14%/etmal and the abnormal seed 10.00%. So that bio-priming of seeds with bamboo rhizosphere PGPR provides an effective influence on seeds germination.
 
Cladocera Diversity in the Aquatic Habitats of Jammu District, (J&K)
Get PDFCladocera occupy the primary consumer level in aquatic food chains and have a very vital role in stability and integrity of aquatic habitats. Therefore, knowledge of biodiversity of these organisms can be utilized in the management of aquatic habitats and for commercial aquaculture practices. The present study involved analysis of diversity and dynamics of these planktonic crustacea in Jammu district of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. This investigation recorded 15 species of cladocera belonging to 8 genera and 4 families from the study area. The percental contribution of different families demonstrated a typical trend where Daphniidae>Chydoridae>Moinidae>Macrothricidae. Habitat preference was also recorded in some cladocera.
 
Palynological Studies on Certain Members of the Malvaceae Family in Rivers State, Nigeria
Get PDFPalynological study was undertaken in five species Hibiscus rosa- sinensis L., Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench, Abelmoschus caillei (A.Chev.) Stevels, Sida acuta Burm. F. and Sida rhombifolia L. belonging to three genera of the family Malvaceae. The family Malvaceae, commonly known as the hibiscus, or mallow contain about 85 genera and 1500 species of herbaceous, shrubby, and tree plants. Representatives of this family can be found in all except the coldest parts of the world but are most abundant in the tropics. The aim was to establish some useful diagnostic pollen morphological features that may be employed in combination with other characters as inter- specific or generic tools for identification. Pollen samples were collected manually from mature closed anthers. Mature anthers were teased out in water in a petri dish for 5 minutes. Fixation of the pollen grain in 70% alcohol was undertaken, followed by decantation and rinsing to wash off the alcohol. The samples were placed on clean microscope slides. Another slide was used to tease out the content of the anther after which it was mounted in glcerol. The results revealed oblate to spheriodal pollen shape and pantoporate pollen class in all the studied species. Pollen diameter ranged from 139.01?m ? 359.10?m. The largest pollen diameter was recorded in A. esculentus (359.10?m). All the species possessed spinous pollen and the longest spine was observed in A. esculentus (359.10?m) while spine index was highest in A. caillei (3.65?m) and lowest in S. rhombifolia (1.62?m). The information provided in this study may be useful in delimiting the family alongside other taxonomic markers and also in the preparation of the pollen flora of Nigeria
 
Influence of Various Substrates in Vermicomposting Its Application on Different Plants (Abelmoschus esculentus, Capsicum annum and Trigonella foetum-graceum)
Get PDFIt is estimated that India produces about 4.3 million compost per year. Composting is nothing but a biological process of converting solid waste into organic matter or fertilizers, which can be useful for the plants. Vermicomposting is an ecological box that is an environmentally friendly technique that employs earthworms to convert solid waste into manures, which also contains hormones and enzymes that may act as plant growth hormones. Hence, the present study focuses on Vermicomposting`s process using different substrates (Sugarcane waste, Sheep manure, Paper waste, and Sewage sludge) by the mixture of two different earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Further, their physicochemical characteristics were evaluated. Different microorganisms, like Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), and Microflora, were isolated from the gut of earthworms to show the activity of plant growth promoting microbes present in earthworms. The isolated bacterial strains were characterized biochemically and molecularly identified. Finally, the vermicompost was applied as a fertilizer to study plant growth.
 
The Effect of Armed Conflict on Biodiversity and its Implication on Wildlife: A Case Study on the Lebialem Highlands, South-West Region, Cameroon
Get PDFThe armed conflict in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon surged in 2016. In this conflict, many villages have been razed and hundreds of thousands of people displaced. In the South West Region, Lebialem is one of the hot zones of the conflict. Here, many displaced persons have found refuge in the forest; their impact on biodiversity cannot be undermined. The goal of this research paper is to highlight the impact of the armed conflict on the biodiversity and its implications for wildlife. In order to achieve this goal, the land cover of the study site was analyzed using satellite imagery. Two Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS satellite images taken in 2015 and 2020 were downloaded through the United States Geological Survey (USGS). These two images were processed using ENVI 5.3. Maps were produced by importing vectors derived from digital processing ENVI into Arc Map 10.5 software. A wildlife survey was conducted using the guided reconnaissance (recce) method. The results indicate that there was a slight change in dense forest cover of 0.26% (152 ha) and a general decrease in the relative abundance of Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (from 2.964 in 2015 to 0.321 in 2018), Cross River gorilla (from 1.857 in 2015 to 0.107 in 2018), African forest elephants, and other species whose populations are vulnerable to human disturbance. Though armed conflict might have its own impacts on biodiversity and wildlife species, a strong conservation program is needed for the development of local professionals to continue even during socio-political instability.
 
A Study on Ecology of Amphibians breeding habitats of Kokrajhar District, Assam, India
Get PDFAmphibians generally have a biphasic life cycle. They complete their development stages in water. The time taken for a tadpole from egg to reach metamorphosis varies from weeks to month and depends upon a number of factors. Water temperature is an important factor as it influences feeding rate, size, and metamorphosis and growth rate of a tadpole. Water quantity and water quality are also important factors for the development of tadpoles. Water quality parameters directly influence biotic components present in the habitat. Of biotic components planktons determine the availability of food in the ecosystem. In the present study certain water quality parameters and some planktons were recorded from the habitats of Kokrajhar district, Assam, India (89.46′E to 90.38′E longitude and 29.19′N to 26.54′N latitudes)
Cytotoxic Activity of Cell Suspension Cultured and Plant Derived Crude Extracts of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) against Human Cancer Cell Lines
Get PDFThere are more than 200 different known cancers that afflict humans. Many researchers currently prioritize their research towards development of anticancer treatments with plant derived products. Our study aims to investigate the anticancer potential of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) extracts derived from the cell suspension cultures and the roots, stems and leaves of the mature plants (7 years old) against three human cancer cell lines: A549 (lung cancer), HCT116 (colon cancer) and SKBR3 (breast cancer). Results obtained showed that the chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts derived from the cell suspension cultures exhibit cytotoxicity activities with wide variation of IC50 values ranging from 40.9 to 932.1 ?g/ml. While the three different solvent extracts derived from the root, stem and leaves of the mature plant exhibit better cytotoxicity activity with IC50 between 32.9 and 109.9 ?g/ml. The cytotoxicity activity of the water extracts for the cell cultures could not be determined due to cell viability of the cancer cell lines were above 50%. While the water extracts obtained from the root, stem and leaves showed cytotoxicity activity with IC50 values of 33.7 ? 214.3 ?g/ml. Extracts from the dried cell suspension cultures indicate having similar compounds with the root extracts separated using thin layer chromatography. Hence the cell suspension cultures of E. longifolia can be used as one of the tools for the production of bioactive compounds and as an alternative means for prevention of its eventual extinction. It can also be established as the potential materials source besides the different plant parts for the preparation of anticancer plant-based products