International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Extraction and Comparison of Chitin and Chitosan from Prawn Shell and Egg Shell Waste
Get PDFThe present study focuses on the extraction and comparative analysis of chitin and chitosan obtained from prawn shell and egg shell waste, aiming to evaluate their physicochemical properties and potential applications. The extraction process involved a series of chemical treatments, including deproteinization, demineralization, decolorization, and deacetylation, to isolate and convert chitin into chitosan. Physicochemical analyses such as determination of moisture, ash, carbohydrate, and protein content were conducted to assess the quality and composition of the extracted biopolymers. Results indicated notable differences between the two sources, with egg shell-derived chitin exhibiting higher protein content (5.28 mg) compared to prawn chitin (0.35 mg), whereas prawn chitosan showed significantly lower ash content (14.1%) than prawn chitin (33.6%). These variations reflect the influence of raw material composition on the properties of the resulting biopolymers. The study emphasizes the importance of utilizing biological waste as an eco-friendly and sustainable source for producing high-value materials applicable in pharmaceuticals, water purification, biomedicine, and agricultural formulations
From Pathogens to Probiotics: The Antimicrobial Spectrum of Lectins – A Review
Get PDFLectins represent a broad and heterogeneous class of proteins characterized by their specific ability to bind carbohydrates, derived from plants, marine organisms, fungi, and bacteria, are recognized for their potent antimicrobial and antifungal activities. They show potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, including against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, by binding to specific carbohydrates on microbial surfaces, disrupting cell walls, and inhibiting biofilm formation. Their antifungal properties are primarily attributed to chitin-binding, which leads to cell wall disintegration or interference with de novo synthesis during fungal cell division. Beyond direct antimicrobial effects, lectins serve as valuable components in biosensors for pathogen detection and hold promise in the formulation of next-generation antimicrobial agents. When combined with other bioactive compounds, such as probiotics or plant-derived phytochemicals, lectins display synergistic effects that enhance overall therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, they modulate host–pathogen interactions by influencing immune responses and strengthening host defenses against infections. With the escalating threat of antibiotic resistance, lectins emerge as promising, naturally occurring alternatives for disease control. This review underscores the need for comprehensive mechanistic studies, clinical trials, and the design of advanced delivery systems to maximize efficacy, stability, and bioavailability, thereby positioning lectins as crucial tools in the global effort to combat drug-resistant microbial infections
Multiple Regression Study about Breast Cancer, Implications for all Women, especially Africans and Asians moving to cold, Cloudy Climates
Get PDFTwelve different potential drivers of and three potential protective agents against breast cancer are studied by single and multiple regressions against ASR for a worldwide cohort. Only four of the potential drivers lack statistical relevance. The hypotheses that UPF and alcohol would be drivers were tested and shown to be correct. When potential lifestyle drivers are analyzed singly and separately the ranking is cigarettes > UPF>alcohol all of which were statistically relevant. Countering these, the hypothesis that physical activity as a lifestyle choice would be shown to be protective is shown to be correct and statistically relevant. All the modern economic indicators linked with inactivity, light at night and radio frequency emissions provided single statistically relevant results except for electricity supply, which produced a physically unreal model. Internet penetration appears to produce an unrealistically excessive RR but given the huge multi-correlation this is perhaps not surprising. The hypothesis that sunshine should be highly protective has been tested and shown to be correct and the multiple regression study shows that dioxin is also extremely dangerous. A very tentative conclusion from the statistics is that the circadian mechanism of cancer protection by light receptors in the eyes is relatively minor and being about 1:3 in favor of a greater and more significant vitamin D mechanism. Prognosis for black and south Asian women developing breast cancer in the UK and in colder parts of the USA is often worse than on their native countries. Vitamin D3 supplementation and phototherapy could, subject to proper clinical trials, potentially be used as prophylactic. For example, women whose custom it is to wear dark or thick clothing and veils have migrated to colder, cloudier, north European locations this could prove especially useful. A simple geographic meta-analysis shows some interesting cancer trends related to Islamic dress, particularly in Southeast Asia.
Lifestyle Influences on Body Shape Index and Oral Health in Patients Visiting Public Healthcare Facilities in Chennai- A Cross-sectional study
Get PDFBackground: Asides from being an epidemic in and of itself, obesity is linked to a number of serious illnesses, such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, including dental problems. Aim: The study aims to evaluate the impact of sedentary lifestyles in terms of A Body Shape Index (ABSI) on oral conditions among general patients attending Primary Health Centres (PHC) in Chennai, India. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 224 outpatients who visited PHCs from March to September 2024. Socio-demographic data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. A thorough clinical examination was carried out based on Oral Health Surveys Basic Methods (WHO, 2005) for the presence or absence of conditions like dental caries, gingivitis, and edentulism. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test to find the association between ABSI and oral hygiene. Kruskal Wallis test was performed to compare the risk groups of NCDs based on Body Shape Index with DMFT and OHI-S scores were carried out using SPSS 27.0 version. Results: A total of 224 participants; most patients visiting PHC were females (66.1%). The mean scores of Decayed teeth (DT), Missing teeth (MT), Filled teeth (FT), and DMFT scores of the population were 2.02±1.01, 0.23±1.37, 0.19±1.24 and 3.24±1.67 respectively. There is an association between the consumption of unhealthy diets and poor oral hygiene (p < 0.004). Conclusion: Results show a substantial association between poor dental health and unhealthy eating. It is high time that the government reforms its public policies related to unhealthy food consumption
The Role of Rotifera as Sentinel Organism of Trophic Structure on Freshwater Ecosystems
Get PDFFor determining the trophic condition of freshwater ecosystems, rotifera, a phylum of tiny and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate creatures, are important sentinel or bioindicator species. For ecological monitoring and water quality evaluation, they are perfect because of their species composition, variety, and abundance, which react quickly and sensitively to changes in environmental quality and nutrient availability. Aquatic environments consist of both biotic and abiotic interactions. There is a relationship between these things. They create an ecosystem\u27s cumulative environmental condition, which can be classified as oligotrophic, mesotrophic, or eutrophic at present. Of all the diverse types of plants and animals that live in water, zooplankton are crucial for controlling the systematic processes that keep the environment healthy. Rotifers are one of the planktonic groups of zooplanktons that perform very well in controlling the ecosystem as a whole. These large organisms are also occasionally seen as an avoidable instrument for determining the state of the environment. It is always appropriate to use these creatures as bio-indicators of the ecosystem\u27s trophic structure and pollution level. A good bio-indicator of water quality might be the group of rotifers or a single species, depending on the many indexes and the link between various biological, chemical, and physical features such as the dynamics and diversity of the described organism. Rotifers react strongly to eutrophication, or nutrient enrichment, especially when it comes to the availability of phosphate and nitrogen
Antioxidant, Antimicrobial activity (using Silver Nanoparticles) and Effect of Temperature on Polyphenol content in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and Mint (Mentha viridis) extracts
Get PDFPolyphenols are secondary metabolites also called as polyhydroxyphenols are natural plant products present in leaves, flowers, bark and seeds. Polyphenols from plant sources are reported to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic and many important properties. The aim of this study was to extract and determine polyphenol contents from green leafy vegetables like Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and Mint (Mentha viridis) using Folin-Ciocalteu method. To study the effect of temperature the samples were placed at low temperature for 10 days and for high temperature study, the samples were exposed to 100˚C and polyphenol content was analyzed. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging. To study antimicrobial activity silver nanoparticles were prepared using Ficus racemosa leaf extract with polyphenols extracted from mint. The obtained nanoparticles size was analyzed using SEM. The Fresh methanolic extracts of polyphenols were high in coriander (4.26gm/100gms), mint (7.92gm/100gms) and in ethanolic extract of spinach (1.86gm/100gms). Polyphenols extracted from fresh samples was found to be high when compared to samples that were exposed to low and high temperature. It was found to have a strong Free radical scavenging activity due to higher phenolic contents in fresh samples. As concentration of polyphenol decreased free radical scavenging activity also decreased. Silver Nanoparticles produced from Ficus racemosa showed an absorption maximum at 430nm spectrophotometrically, indicates the formation of nanoparticles and the particle size was between 56.7 to 96.4nm analyzed using SEM. Antimicrobial activity was determined using paper disc method. The zone of inhibition was high in samples of F.racemosa NP with mint extract when compared to extracts obtained from fresh samples. This study shows that, polyphenol contents decreased when samples were stored at low and high temperature and also its antioxidant activity. Consumption of foods with less storage time and temperature exposure can retain the polyphenol contents to have a strong antioxidant activity. Preparation of nanoparticles using plant extracts for antimicrobial activity may increase its activity in an ecofriendly and be cost effective.
 
Studies of Aniline and it’s Derivatives on Various Organ Systems: A Mini Review
Get PDFCertain chemical pollutants in the environment can change a variety of biological processes. Anilines are widely used in the manufacturing of plants, colours, medications, pesticides, and herbicides. This review aims to highlight the destructive, dangerous and altering effects of aniline on various organisms. We believe that this study will provide helpful information regarding aniline\u27s toxicological research, which will help in the formulation of acceptable guidelines for aniline usage
Cadmium Accumulation in Some Organs of Rana Ridibunda Ridibunda Affect Erythrocytic Nuclear Abnormalities
Get PDFn the current research, accumulation of cadmium was investigated in various organs kidney, liver and the testis of Ranaridibunda exposed to diverse experimental levels of cadmium and erythrocytic abnormalities. Rana ridibunda species inhabits small shallow streams located in North Mosul / Iraq. Although cadmium level was not detectable in source water and expected to be with quality water guideline levels to protect the life in fresh freshwater proposed by the Agency of environmental protection (EPA), therefore the noticeable Cd level detected in experimental animals could pose danger to aquatic organisms. The Cd concentration in the different frog tissues was variable, the highest concentration was found in testis and the lowest in the liver. Frogs from treated groups had significantly higher hepatic (1.3232 2.1800, 3.5130 μg / g), renal (3.4556, 4.2850, 4.9992 μg /g) and testicular (3.5812, 4.8170, 5.5556 μg / g ) for 2.5, 5 and 10 Cd / µg /L respectively than those from the control group (1.0718, 1.9678, 3.2290 μg / g). There was erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities which significantly higher in number of Micronuclei (MN), notched nuclei (N), Lobed nuclei (L) and nuclei with kidney shaped (K) respectively were noted in the groups for 2.5 and 5 Cd / µg /L treated groups than that from natural sites, also with higher frequency significantly of immature erythrocyte with deleterious effect and totally erythrocytes demolished at 10 Cd / µg /g. This research found that cadmium accumulation of the different treatments frogs have higher in testicular, renal, hepatic and found a higher number of erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities when compared to frogs from natural habitat. Therefore, the accumulation of cadmium in the tissues that are used with concentrations and sampling periods is taken into consideration
Study of Anti-Efficacy of Antimony Hydroxide Extracted From Eyeliner in Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria Isolated From Conjunctival Infections in Patients of Karbala Governorate
Get PDFStaphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacterial eye inflammation, an inflammation that can lead to severe vision impairment if not treated immediately. The use of antimony solution is due to the presence of antimony Sb, antimony compounds are used to treat schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis, but in this study it was used as a growth-inhibiting antibacterial against isolates of resistant S. aureus isolated from conjunctival infections, and this study was the first of its kind. This study aims to find out the effect of antimony hydroxide extracted from eyeliner on bacteria isolated from conjunctival injuries. This came after reviewing previous studies related to conjunctival infections and the microorganisms that affect them and their danger to the individual. Materials and methods Samples were collected from patients with bacterial conjunctivitis of patients arriving at Imam Hassan al-Mojtaba educational hospital and Al-Hindi educational hospital in Karbala governorate ranging in age from (5-75 years) for both sexes and for the period from November 2024 to February. 2025, extraction of antimony hydroxide from the eyeliner and evaluating it as an inhibitor of the growth of staphylococcal bacteria. Results: the resistance of staphylococci to the antibiotic rifampicin, clindamycin and teicoplanin is eighty-eight. 89%, benzepenicillin and vancomycin 100%, Oxacillin 77.78%, erythromycin 55.56%, sensitivity to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and trimethoprim 100%, tetracycline 88.89% and fusidic acid 77.78%. The use of antimony hydroxide extracted from the eyeliner of the fruit in inhibiting the growth of staphylococci at different concentrations (75, 150 , 300 mg/mL) and it has been found that the strongest inhibition of it at a concentration of 300 mg /mL and MIC =75mg/ml and a value of .MBC=150mg/ml Conclusions: antimony hydroxide has an inhibitory effect on the growth of staphylococcal bacteria and may be used as a natural alternative or supplement to conventional antibiotics, especially considering the resistance of some strains of staphylococci to antibiotics such as MRSA. This inhibitory effect is due to antimony hydroxide itself, which is known for its toxic properties to bacteria by interfering with cell walls or their vital processes
An Evidence based Research on Presence of Carcinogens and Increasing Spurts of Cancer Cases in Vaigai River Basin, India
Get PDFWater is an inevitable part of living organisms. Water pollution is a serious environmental threat to people who consume, enter, and wash in contaminated water. The aim is to study the quantified levels of carcinogens in the environment, according to IARC Classification such as Arsenic, Benzene, Cadmium, Hexavalent Chromium, Cobalt, Nickel, Lead, Nitrite/Nitrate, and Phosphates and their correlation with increased spikes of cancer cases across districts that lie along Vaigai River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. A Systematic literature review for cross-sectional studies that provided information about groundwater quality was carried out using six databases, "Researchgate, PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Medline, and SpringerLink" from 2012 to 2022. The TNCRP report from 2021 was used as the basis for calculating the proportion of all cancer cases in the relevant district. Based on the Newcastle Ottawa Scale, a quality assessment was conducted. The results show the presence of high concentrations of carcinogens in the groundwater and sediments collected near the industries, commercial zones, and agricultural land. The significant association between exceeding the permissible limit of various heavy metal elements and compounds and the percentage of cancer cases at that particular site has been established in this study. Vaigai River is highly polluted such that the heavy metal concentration has already entered the human food chain. Oral findings commonly associated with chronic toxicity of carcinogenic heavy metals are listed which serves as an alarming signal to adapt to a healthy lifestyle and dietary modifications as required.