International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences
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Crassocephalum crepidioides (Ebolo) Protect against Paracetamol- Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats
Get PDFParacetamol causes hepatocellular damage due to increase oxidative stress, whereas Crassocephalum crepidioides enhances antioxidant status. The preventive function of Crassocephalum crepidioides against paracetamol (PCM)-induced hepatocellular oxidative damage was studied. The experiment was made up of four groups (1, 2, 3, and 4) of Wistar rats (n=6). The control (Group 1) were given distilled water while groups 2 and 3 animals were given 300mg/kg bwt/day methanol extract of C. crepidioides leaves (MECL) and 250 mg/kg bwt/day PCM respectively for two weeks. Group 4 was given (MECL) for one week and thereafter a concurrent dose of 300 mg per kg bwt each day (MECL) and 250 per kg bwt each day PCM for two weeks. All administration was done orally. The evaluation of serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) and Alanine amino transferase (ALT) activities were carried out to detect liver injury. Glutataione-s-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) level were utilized to measure antioxidant status. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was employed as an indication of lipid peroxidation. The results indicated an increase (p< 0.05) in the activities of serum AST, ALT and MDA level in the PCM group. The activities of GST, SOD, catalase and level of GSH were significantly lowered (p< 0.05) relative to control. Concurrent treatment with PCM and C. crepidioides considerably decreased (p< 0.05) MDA level, AST and ALT activities but significantly increased (p< 0.05) the antioxidant enzymes compared to PCM group. Finally, Crassocephalum crepidioides may protect Wistar rat’s liver against paracetamol-induced oxidative damage.
 
Giant Oocyte with Two Polar Bodies: Case Report of Self Patient
Get PDFHere we report a case of the giant oocyte with two polar bodies, with the immense of ART technology, formally giant oocytes are a very rare phenomenon among humans and embryos may develop from oocytes. (1,2), and Giant oocytes are defined to have a 35% larger diameter and twice the volume of the normal oocyte. Fertilization and progression of a giant oocyte are suspected to be the cause of triploidy, which is defined as triploidy with two maternal and one paternal complement. The hypothesis for the mechanism of their formation is a cytoplasmic fusion of two oogonia and the second one is the lack of cytokinesis during mitotic divisions in an oogonium. In this case report, we present one Giant oocyte with two distinct polar bodies. Giant oocytes can develop into embryos that are morphologically normal, but genetically abnormal, embryologist should aware of this phenomenon. For this reason, the scientific aim of this report is to present make awareness among practicing embryologists.
 
Retrospective analysis of Immuno-fixation Electrophoresis in the Detection of Multiple Myeloma: An Experience of a Corporate Laboratory
Get PDFMultiple Myeloma (M.M) is a malignant proliferation of B cell lineage mutated plasma cells, which secretes immunoglobulin as resulting in monoclonal elevations of immunoglobulins of same clonality. These monoclonal immunoglobulins can be identified by Immunofixation electrophoresis. Identification of these immunoglobulins helps to differentiate between suspected cases of multiple myeloma and benign conditions. Serum samples from 112 suspected cases of M.M were subjected to immunofixation electrophoresis on Sebia Minicap System. Monoclonal band was detected and typing of heavy chain and light chain was performed. We observed approx. 20.5 % cases had monoclonal gammopathy. Out of these approx. 60.8 % cases showed IgG type of monoclonal gammopathy. IFE is specialized non-invasive test, which can be used to identify monoclonal gammopathy where suspicion of MM is very high and where other tests are inconclusive. IFE should be recommended to the suspected cases of multiple myeloma.
 
Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity in COVID-19 Patients Treated at Selected Hospital in Surabaya
Get PDFCOVID-19 or commonly called Coronavirus disease 2019 by the World Health Organization (WHO) is a new virus that is currently troubling people in all parts of the world and having a very significant impact on human life, especially in the health sector. COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the risk factors for increasing the severity of COVID-19 infection. Older patients (>60 years), uncontrolled blood sugar levels, and the presence of diabetic complications are associated with a poorer COVID-19 prognosis. This study aims to determine the prevalence of comorbid diabetes mellitus in COVID-19 positive patients at selected hospital in Surabaya in 2020. This study used the Observational Analytic Cross-sectional method using secondary data from records of blood sugar examination results in the clinical pathology laboratory at at selected hospital in Surabaya in 2020. Data in the form of positive COVID-19 patients who were confirmed with PCR test results in 2020. The results of the study obtained data as many as 151 positive COVID-19 patients who underwent blood sugar checks, with a history of diabetes mellitus as much as 29.9% and the majority group aged 56-65 years, namely as much as 42.2% can be seen from the gender where women are more vulnerable that is equal to 64.4%. Both COVID-19 patients and DM patients are expected to better manage themselves to avoid complications.
 
Seasonal Variation in Avian Fauna of Sarsuna Satellite Township Area – A Case Study
Get PDFBirds are considered as one of the most significant indicators of the environment. Because they are very much sensitive to habitat change. Changes in bird populations are an important indication of environmental problems. During the time of urbanization, the population of birds has been particularly affected mainly in urban and suburban areas. The area of our study – Sarsuna Satellite Township is mainly a suburban region where the bird population is also likely to be affected. However, our study mainly focuses on the analysis of these bird populations and to compare their diversity indices in pre and post monsoon season. The study reveals a wide range of birds according to their feeding habits and their family. A comparative study summarizes that there is no significant difference in bird diversity between two seasons but however the total bird count irrespective of the seasons are alarmingly low and therefore need special attention.
 
Consistency of the Neutralizing Peroxidase Linked Assay for Classical Swine Fever and Homologation with an OIE Reference Laboratory
Get PDFPorvac® is a subunit vaccine against classical swine fever (CSF) that has been recently registered in Cuba. The Neutralizing Peroxidase Linked Assay (NPLA) is the preferred method to measure the levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The purposes of this study were to assess the consistency of the NPLA technique conducted for three years at the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) and to homologate the performance of the technique with the Nacional Center for Animal Health (CENSA), a reference laboratory for CSF validated by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The consistency of the test was evaluated through two types of systematic controls: the back-titration of the virus stock, and the internal control serum. The 89.3 % of 140 NPLA assays conducted during this period were valid according to the OIE recommendations for the back-titration. The geometric mean of the NAb titre for the internal control was 1628, with lower and upper 95% confidence intervals of 1542 and 1710, respectively. The inter-assay geometric coefficient of variation of the assay was 31.4 %. Finally, a 100% coincidence for CSFV positivity and a statistically significant correlation (Spearman r = 0.78, p < 0.0001) between NAb titres measured at CIGB and CENSA was found after the parallel evaluation of 136 samples from Porvac® vaccinated pigs. Those results indicate that the NPLA assay instrumented at CIGB is robust, highly reproducible, and comparable to a reference laboratory.
 
Molecular Cytogenetic Analyses and Sequencing in jute Corchorus species: An Amalgamation of Recent Advances and Research
Get PDFGenomic DNA (gDNA) from Corchorus olitorius O four was used for the High Throughput Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) podiums. About 50-fold coverage of Jute`s genome sequencing data was intended for the recombination assignment. Molecular analysis of repetitive DNA sequences, which account for a large percentage of plant genomes, has not been conducted in jute, but it may be useful for studying chromosome long-range organization. Several open-source and industrial-grade genome assemblage and annotation conduits were used for accumulating and appraise raw statistics. For authenticating the genome project, a transcriptome genome and proteome assessment were additionally also implemented for which evaluated data is assessed by exceptional computing resources, ranging from an overall high- performance cluster server to Dell servers, were used. The jute plant is well adapted to grow in hot and humid climates; however, it is typically grown in a wide range of climatic conditions. Abiotic stress can limit its growth, yield, and quality and affects the metabolism, growth, physiology, and fiber yield of the plant. Despite jute`s adaptedness to grow.in hot and humid climates, its growth can be adapted to a wide range of climates and it is relatively resistant to some environmental stresses. However, abiotic stress hinders both jute`s growth, yield, and quality significantly. Jute is restricted in its growth, yield, and quality significantly by abiotic stress. Abiotic stress directly affects jute`s metabolism, growth, physiology, and fiber yield. However, the utmost proficient array of 858 EST was deposited in the Gene Bank database. Ostensibly, the communal record is far from satisfactory to apprehend the molecular machinery of filamentous biosynthesis. In this review I will cite some of the recent information in the field of sequencing and analysis of Jute (Corchous species) plant by which we can develop jute varieties that are highly productive, saline-tolerant, and produce good quality fibre, including strength and color.
 
Microwave Heat Treatment Effects on the Microbial Profile of Some Ready-To-Eat Street Vended Snacks
Get PDFThe effect of heat treatments on the microbial population of plantain chips and roasted groundnut using microwave sterilization was carried out with the aim of improving food safety of various ready-to-eat street vended Nigerian snack foods. The samples were purchased from different food snacks vendors within Auchi Metropolis and immediately taken to the laboratory for analysis. The samples were divided into four parts and subjected to microwave heat treatments at 72oC for 10, 20 and 30 minutes with the control not treated with any form of heat. Thereafter, each sample were analysed for their microbial density and quality using standard microbiological procedures. The results revealed a reduction in the microbial density of the samples as heat treatment time increased especially among the bacteria population, but the fungal load was not as linear. The microbial quality analysis showed that plantain chips contained some microorganisms which survived the heat treatment and could be of public health importance, although their numbers were within the recommended tolerable limits for ready- to-eat foods. It is therefore imperative to educate and sensitize food producers especially ready-to-eat street vended snack food handlers on the necessary sanitary protocols needed to assure food safety during food preparations.
 
Shelf Life and Accelerated Stability Studies of Porvac®, a Marker Subunit Vaccine Against Classical Swine Fever
Get PDFPorvac® subunit vaccine, based on the chimeric E2-CD14 antigen, induces a very early protective immune response against classical swine fever. It is an attractive alternative for modified live vaccines (MLV) in endemic areas. One of the main advantages of subunit vaccines over MLV, especially for low-income settings, is their better thermal stability. This investigation aimed to assess both, shelf life, and accelerated stability of Porvac®. Three batches of Porvac® were stored at 2 - 8 °C for 36 months and their organoleptic properties, rheology, droplet size, the mechanical and thermal stability of the emulsion, immunogenicity, and capacity to confer protection in piglets were evaluated at different time points. A short-term accelerated stability study was also conducted by incubating three different batches at 37 °C for 7 days. Finally, a one-month accelerated stability experiment was conducted with a single vaccine batch. The vaccine maintained its organoleptic properties and droplet size up to at least 36 and 24 months, respectively. The emulsion was mechanically and thermally stable up to at least 9 months, and its rheological parameters remained below the acceptance limits for up to at least 24 months. All vaccinated swine developed neutralizing antibody titers ? 1:1000 at 28 days post-vaccination and were fully protected from the viral challenge at all the time points evaluated. In summary, Porvac® retains the capacity to induce protective neutralizing antibodies after 36 months of shell storage at 2 - 8 °C, and one month at 37 °C.
 
R & UV Irradiation Methods to Improve the Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles in the Eradication of Biofilm-Forming Microbes Isolated from Surfaces of Severe Accidental Wounds
Get PDFBacterial biofilms are a major concern towards human health. Nanoparticles work against bacteria through a unique mechanism, making them a promising alternative for biofilm eradication. Silver nanoparticles are widely known and used for their efficient antibacterial property. In the current study, a swab sample was collected from the surfaces of 10-day-old wounds resulting from a road accident and cultured. Four biofilm-forming bacterial strains were isolated by studying the colony morphology and staining properties. Genomic characterization of the isolated strains was carried out by 16s rRNA sequencing using 27F and 149R universal primer. The fasta sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis following the maximum likelihood method using Mega software (Version 10.2.5). The biofilm-forming strains were identified as Escherichia coli (CMPD1), Klebsiella pneumonia (CMPD2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CMPD3), and Staphylococcus aureus (CMPD4). Silver nanoparticles were synthesized following the green synthesis approach for the anti-biofilm study using Cinnamomum tamala leaf extract as a natural reductant. 10 ml of different concentrations of silver nitrate (2 mM, 4 mM, 6 mM, 8mM, and 10mM) and plant extracts (1ml to 5 ml) were taken for the synthesis. The change in colour of the solution to dark brown confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The absorption maxima of the nanoparticles obtained by using 4mM silver nitrate and 5 ml of leaf extract were found to be 430 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Anti-microbial activity of the same sample showed higher inhibition efficiency as compared to others thereby confirming high concentrations of silver nanoparticles. The selected nanoparticle sample was divided into two parts. One part was irradiated with a 39W UV lamp (254 nm) and the other with a 100W IR lamp (1000 nm) for 10 minutes each. Post irradiation, the anti-biofilm assay was conducted in a 96-well microtiter plate. Irradiated nanoparticles showed higher anti-biofilm activity as compared to the non-irradiated ones. The activity of nanoparticles followed the sequence – IR>UV>Non-irradiated.