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Bog iron ore – experimental testing of the impact of ore roasting on the smelting process and the end product
No full textDosadašnja istraživanja lokaliteta s prostora Podravine na kojima su se odvijale aktivnosti vezane uz proizvodnju željeza (Hlebine – Velike Hlebine i Dedanovice, Virje – Sušine i Volarski breg) ukazala su da je močvarna željezna ruda lokalnoga podrijetla bila temeljna sirovina za proizvodnju željeza tijekom kasne antike i ranoga srednjeg vijeka. Na osnovi mineraloških analiza uzoraka rude (XRD) pretpostavljene su razlike u načinu priprema ruda za taljenje koje su vidljive između lokaliteta različite vremenske i prostorne pripadnosti. Eksperiment prikazan u ovome radu je osmišljen kako bi se testirala jedna varijanta idejne rekonstrukcije talioničkih peći te različit način pripreme rude u svrhu usporedbe utjecaja ove varijable na postupak taljenja i krajnji proizvod. Talionička peć rekonstruirana je na osnovi podataka s arheoloških istraživanja i obrade nalaza, a pripada tipu samostojećih peći s vratima, kod kojih se u tijeku postupka ispuštala zgura. Izvedena su dva ekperimentalna taljenja u rekonstriranoj peći, koristeći rudu sa i bez pirometalurške pripreme, prženja.Earlier research of the sites in the Podravina region where iron production activities took place (Hlebine – Velike Hlebine and Dedanovice, Virje – Sušine, and Volarski Breg) indicated that bog iron ore of local origin was the basic raw material for iron production in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. On the basis of mineralogical analyses of ore samples (XRD), differences in the method of preparing ore for smelting were identified between sites from different periods and spatial distribution. The experiment presented in this paper was designed to test one variant of the conceptual reconstruction of smelting furnaces and different methods of ore preparation in order to compare the impact of this variable on the smelting process and the end product. The smelting furnace was reconstructed on the basis of data from archaeological research and the analysis of finds; it belongs to the type of free-standing shaft furnaces with a door where slag is tapped during the procedure. Two smelting experiments were carried out in the reconstructed furnace, using the ore with and without the pyrometallurgical preparation, roasting
Results of the rescue archaeological excavations of the site AN 6 Hermanov Vinograd 1 on the southern bypass route of the city of Osijek
Get PDFIzgradnja južnoga kolnika južne obilaznice grada Osijeka 2013. godine uvjetovala je zaštitno arheološko istraživanje lokaliteta Hermanov vinograd, budući da je trasa prelazila preko njegovoga sjeverozapadnog ruba. U istraživanjima su, kojima je obuhvaćena do sada najveća površina lokaliteta od 2.670 m2, pronađene brojne arheološke strukture ukopa i slojeva koji ukazuju na arhitektonske cjeline stambenoga i obrambenoga karaktera. Uvidom u stratigrafiju, utvrđene su četiri građevne faze lokaliteta čije je datiranje omogućeno rezultatima radiokarbonske analize starosti kosturnih ostataka iz groba 2. Brojan pokretni arheološki materijal u vidu ulomaka keramike, kućnoga lijepa, keramičkih, koštanih i kamenih predmeta također ukazuju na lokalitet naseobinskoga karaktera sopotskoga kulturnog kruga.The construction of the south lane of the southern bypass of the city of Osijek in 2013 prompted the rescue archaeological excavations of the site of Hermanov Vinograd (Herman’s vineyard), since the route ran across its northwest edge. The excavations, covering the largest area of the site yet (2.670 m2), found numerous archaeological structures of burials and layers pointing to architectural complexes of residential and defensive character. The examination of the stratigraphy identified four construction phases of the site, which were dated after the results of the radiocarbon analysis of the age of bone remains from grave 2. Numerous mobile archaeological materials in the form of potsherds, house daub, pottery, bone and stone objects, also indicate a site with the character of a settlement of the Sopot cultural sphere
Burg Vrbovec u Klenovcu Humskome 2019. godine
No full textKratki izvještaj o istraživanjima
Short field repor
Stari Tar/Tarovec (St. Blek, Tar) – attempt at a typological and functional interpretation of the sacral complex within the medieval settlement
No full textArheološka istraživanja na lokalitetu kod stancije Blek (općina Tar – Vabriga/Torre – Abrega, Istra), kojega je moguće poistovjetiti sa „Starim Tarom” iz povijesnih izvora, utvrdila su niz faza koje obilježavaju preobražaj ranorimskoga ruralnog naselja (vile) u srednjovjekovno utvrđeno naselje. Uz ranosrednjovjekovnu fazu lokaliteta veže se sakralni sklop nastao istočno od središnjega arhitektonskog sklopa naselja, moguće kule. U radu se donose nove spoznaje o crkvi i sepulkralnome aneksu čiji se karakter i dataciju nastoji definirati pomoću strukturnih karakteristika i analogija te ih se potom smješta u kontekst organizacije naselja.Archaeological excavations at the stanzia Blek site (Tar – Vabriga/Torre – Abrega municipality, Istria county), which is probably to be identified with “Stari Tar” mentioned by historic sources, evidenced several phases which saw the transformations of a roman rural settlement (villa) into a medieval fortified one. A sacral complex, located to the east of the central nucleus of the settlement, probably a tower, can be linked to the early Medieval phase. In the paper new data on the church and the sepulchral annex is brought forth, allowing to define their character and dating on the bases of structural features and analogies. They are then discussed within the context of the wider organization of the settlement
Post-depositional alterations of terrestrial and marine finds of Roman ceramics from Crikvenica production centre (NE Adriatic, Croatia) – A contribution towards chemometric classification
No full textDifferent post-depositional conditions and after-recovery treatments may provoke pronounced physico-chemical alterations that can make archaeological ceramics’ classification and comparison difficult even when its provenance is known. The present study describes the differences in the chemical composition verified on sherds of Roman ceramics produced in Crikvenica (NE Adriatic, Croatia). Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS), as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were applied to characterise the chemical composition and post-depositional alterations in ceramics recovered onshore and underwater. Chemometrical treatment of ICP-MS results of elemental composition and FT-IR absorption bands was performed using univariate and multivariate statistical tools. Principal component analysis (PCA)led to clear distinction of several clusters of examined samples, i.e. samples from the mainland, samples from the sea bottom, and desalinated samples. All sherds that have undergone desalination representa distinct sub-group by means of changes in the ratio of accumulated chemical elements. It was established that accumulation of Ca, Mg and Na and formation of salts such as FeS, Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16·4(H2O),and CaCO3reflect post-depositional environments and post-recovery treatments in terms of desalination and specific marine underwater conditions (oxic and anoxic). Our results outlined a pattern of post-depositional alterations that could be applied in upcoming classification studies. Roman ceramics produced in Crikvenica and excavated from the workshop possess attributes of a reference group, revealing that Ho, Ce, La, Lu, Tb, Gd, Eu and Sm are the elements least susceptible to post-depositional alteration
Zdenko Vinski and research into the gradište sites of the High and Late Middle Ages in Croatia
No full textDr. Zdenko Vinski pokrenuo je prva arheološka istraživanja gradišta u Hrvatskoj. Njegovi pionirski radovi na toj istraživačkoj temi, započeti sredinom 20. stoljeća probnim iskopavanjem gradišta kod Svetog Petra Ludbreškog i Mrsunjskog luga kod Brodskog Stupnika, pobudili su daljnji interes arheologa za ovom vrstom lokaliteta. U radu se daje pregled svih arheološki istraživanih gradišta i nove spoznaje koje je arheologija polučila o ovom tipu lokaliteta na prostoru sjeverne Hrvatske. Prvobitne postavke dr. Zdenka Vinskoga o ranosrednjovjekovnoj dataciji gradišta u Hrvatskoj možda su promijenjene, no znanstveni ciljevi su ostvareni: istraživanja dr. Vinskoga otvorila su put našim novim spoznajama o tome da je pojava lokaliteta tipa gradište u Hrvatskoj karakteristična za razdoblje razvijenog i kasnog srednjeg vijeka.Dr Zdenko Vinski initiated the first archaeological research on medieval hillforts, e.g small castles in Croatia. His pioneering work on this research topic, which began in the mid-20th century with the trial excavation of forts near Sveti Petar Ludbreški and Mrsunjski lug near Brodski Stupnik, sparked further interest among archaeologists in this type of site. The paper provides an overview of all archaeologically investigated small castles and new insights that archaeology has gained about this type of site in northern Croatia. Dr Zdenko Vinski's original assumptions about the early medieval dating of this type of fortified sites in Croatia may have changed, but the scientific goals were achieved: Dr Vinski's research paved the way for our new insights into the fact that the appearance of gradište-type sites (small castles) in Croatia is characteristic of the period of the High and Late Middle Ages
Otočna arheologija i maritimna vila: Soline na Sv. Klementu od 2007. do danas
No full textMaritimna povezanost, umreženost i mobilnost ključne su značajke otočnoga prostora te okosnica proučavanja fizičkih i društvenih fenomena otočnih krajolika. S dolaskom Rima u ilirsko-helenistički svijet srednjeg Jadrana intenziviraju se umreženost i međuovisnost jadranskog i medi-teranskog svijeta, uvjetujući razine globalizacije razvidnekroz materijalnu kulturu i specifične društvene prakse. U pomorskom sustavu rimskoga Jadrana obalna naselja injihov multikulturalni živalj nositelji su transformacija,održavajući mediteransku povezanost, prvenstveno putemvećih, urbanih luka, no oslanjajući se u toj mreži kontakata na manja pristaništa uz obalne i otočne gospodarskore- zidencijalne sklopove koji u tom kontekstu imaju i značajnu gospodarsku ulogu. Vile su tako sudjelovale u promijenikopnenih i morskih krajobraza, objedinjavajući poljoprivredne djelatnosti, maritimnu ekonomiju i pomorsku po-vezanost. Jedna takva maritimna vila i lokalitet od iznimnog potencijala za razumijevanje ljudske ekodinamike,helenističko-rimskog prijelaza i trajanja otočnih vila do ukasnu antiku istražuje se multidisciplinarno već 13 godinana Paklinskim otocima kod Hvara, na Svetom Klementuu uvali Soline. Višestoljetna razgradnja vile i poljodjelskiradovi na lokalitetu uglavnom onemogućuju precizniju stratigrafsku analizu, ali sveukupni materijal daje sliku uspješnog i značajnog imanja u dugotrajnoj i neprekinutoj umreženosti u jadranskoj i mediteranskoj razmjeni
A contribution to the study of the prehistoric hillforts in the lower course of the River Zrmanja
Get PDFU radu se objavljuju prapovijesni gradinski lokaliteti smješteni uz donji tok rijeke Zrmanje. Lokaliteti su detektirani analizom zračnih i satelitskih snimaka, topografskih karata i arhivskoga kartografskog gradiva te potvrđeni i dokumentirani metodom terenskoga pregleda i zračnim snimanjem. Većina lokaliteta pripada gradinskim lokalitetima manjih površina koji su izgrađenim na pogodnim položajima na kanjonu rijeke Zrmanje i pojasu od 2,5 km oko rijeke. Prapovijesna suhozidna arhitektura pokazuje uniformne karakteristike. Mogu se izdvojiti grupe jednakih svojstava kao što je dominantna zastupljenost struktura linearnoga tlocrta te dominacija lokaliteta manje površine. Većina lokaliteta ne sadrži kulturni sloj. Prema površini se ističu Velika gradina i Bojnik u Kruševu koje spadaju u gradinske lokalitete velike površine, a Berberova gradina u Bilišanima kao lokalitet s najbogatijim arheološkim slojem. Gradina u Muškovcima je najmonumentalniji primjer suhozidne arhitekture koja se ističe kao važna prapovijesna utvrda.This paper describes the hillfort sites situated in the lower course of the River Zrmanja. The sites were detected through the analysis of aerial and satellite imagery and topographic and historical maps. The sites were confirmed through field and aerial surveys. The majority of the sites are relatively small and built in favorable situations in the Zrmanja canyon or in the 2.5 km zone around the river. Groups may be defined for sites with specific characteristics, such as the dominance of linear and smaller structures. The majority of the sites lack soil deposits. Certain sites display different characteristics. Velika Gradina and Bojnik at Kruševo are considerably larger than the average sites in the area, while Berberova Gradina contains rich cultural layers. The hillfort Gradina at Muškovci has the most monumental dry stone wall architecture in the region, and it stands out as a significant prehistoric fort
Being Enclosed as a Lifestyle: Complex Neolithic Settlements of Eastern Croatia Re-Evaluated through Aerial and Magnetic Survey
Get PDFArcheological excavations and field survey of Neolithic sites during the last 100 years have formed a certain framework within which we developed an interpretation of Neolithic life in this area. Even though researchers have stressed the importance of sites, region, or period in their publications, most of the results revealed very modest remains of Neolithic settlements, too small or too scarce to provide insight in settlement size, organization, and other aspects of life. A combination of non-destructive methods of research is proving to be a more effective means of Neolithic site detection and interpretation. Here, we present the sites Gorjani-Kremenjača, Koritna-Pašnik, Gat-Svetošnice, Ivanovac-Korođvar, Klisa-Groblje, and Brdo, whose size and shape were defined through a combination of the analysis of aerial and satellite imagery and geomagnetic survey. Experience in combined research strategies will help us in our efforts to define parameters in recognizing regularities in the remains of settlement organization visible only from the air. Our results showed a complex network of densely populated settlements with elaborate internal organization and infrastructure varying in size from 10 to 50 ha. All settlements were surrounded by at least one set of ditches. Their internal organization was complex and suggests dense habitation. Many sites have several ditched spaces organized in complex systems. Obtained data and results provide a comprehensive review in a wider European context
Vessels with a Toponymic a la barbotine Inscription on the Eastern Adriatic coast – a Suggestion of Interpretation
No full textU radu se tematiziraju dvije posude s toponimijskim natpisom – Felix Arba i Salona – pronađene u Ninu i Janicama, a po svoj prilici podrijetlom s otoka Raba i Salone, uz osvrt na recentno identificiranu posudu, također s ninske nekropole, čije ju značajke svrstavaju u istovjetnu grupu predmeta iako je interpretacija njezina natpisa otežana. Prema morfološkim i tipološkim značajkama posude se smještaju unutar keramičkih vrsta kućanskoga ili transportnoga posuđa, što omogućava pokušaj njihove kronološke i funkcionalne atribucije, potkrepljujući pretpostavke o lokalnome podrijetlu. Na temelju navedenoga posude se interpretiraju kao antički suveniri, no ne samo kao zasebni predmeti već i kao mogući recipijenti za pretpostavljene namirnice ili druge tekućine. Alternativno, na temelju analogija s drugih područja Rimskog Carstva, predlaže se mogućnost njihove upotrebe za transport ili komercijalizaciju specifičnih lokalnih proizvoda namijenjenih određenoj klijenteli, u ovom slučaju pomorcima, no u svakom slučaju riječ je o posudama namijenjenima tržištu malih razmjera.
Neovisno o interpretaciji kojoj se priklonimo, posude s toponimijskim (i ne samo?) natpisima moguće je promatrati unutar različitih konteksta, što omogućava rekonstrukciju ne samo proizvodnoga i tržišnoga ciklusa ovih predmeta već i njihove šire biografije, kao i određenih
kulturnih praksi, npr. antička mobilnost, kreiranje memorije i „autoreprezentacija” antičkih lokaliteta, antička pismenost i dr., a iz čega proizlazi i njihova moguća višestruka funkcija kao i, barem u jednom slučaju, potvrđena reupotreba te pretpostavljeno dugo korištenje.The paper deals with two vessels bearing a toponymic inscription - Felix Arba and Salona – found in Nin and Janice, in all likelihood originating from the island of Rab and Salona, and a recently identified vessel, also from Nin, possibly belonging to the same group, though the interpretation of its inscription is difficult. On the basis of morphological and typological characteristics, vessels are classified to pottery categories of tableware and transport pottery, which enables their potential chronological and functional attribution, corroborating assumptions on their local origin. On the basis of the aforementioned, the vessels are interpreted as ancient souvenirs, not only as ceramic objects but also as possible receptacles for assumed foodstuffs and other liquids. Alternatively, on the basis of analogies from other parts of the Empire, possibility of their use is suggested in transport or commercialization of specific local products intended for very specific clients, in this case sailors, anyhow these are vessels intended for small-scale market.
Regardless of the interpretation we might be inclined to accept, vessels with (not only?) toponymic inscriptions can be observed in various contexts, enabling reconstruction of not only productive and market cycle of these products but also their more extensive biography,
as well as certain cultural practices, such as ancient mobility, creating memory and “self-representation” of ancient sites, ancient literacy etc., suggesting possibility of their multiple function as well as reuse, attested at least in one case, and assumed lengthy use