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Titles in archaeology research articles: a corpus-based comparison with other disciplines
No full textComparing large language models for antibiotic prescribing in different clinical scenarios: which performs better?
No full textObjectives: Large language models (LLMs) show promise in clinical decision-making, but comparative evaluations of their antibiotic prescribing accuracy are limited. This study assesses the performance of various LLMs in recommending antibiotic treatments across diverse clinical scenarios. Methods: Fourteen LLMs, including standard and premium versions of ChatGPT, Claude, Copilot, Gemini, Le Chat, Grok, Perplexity, and Pi.ai, were evaluated using 60 clinical cases with antibiograms covering 10 infection types. A standardized prompt was used for antibiotic recommendations focusing on drug choice, dosage, and treatment duration. Responses were anonymized and reviewed by a blinded expert panel assessing antibiotic appropriateness, dosage correctness, and duration adequacy. Results: A total of 840 responses were collected and analysed. ChatGPT-o1 demonstrated the highest accuracy in antibiotic prescriptions, with 71.7% (43/60) of its recommendations classified as correct and only one (1.7%) incorrect. Gemini and Claude 3 Opus had the lowest accuracy. Dosage correctness was highest for ChatGPT-o1 (96.7%, 58/60), followed by Perplexity Pro (90.0%, 54/60) and Claude 3.5 Sonnet (91.7%, 55/60). In treatment duration, Gemini provided the most appropriate recommendations (75.0%, 45/60), whereas Claude 3.5 Sonnet tended to over-prescribe duration. Performance declined with increasing case complexity, particularly for difficult-to-treat microorganisms. Discussion: : There is significant variability among LLMs in prescribing appropriate antibiotics, dosages, and treatment durations. ChatGPT-o1 outperformed other models, indicating the potential of advanced LLMs as decision-support tools in antibiotic prescribing. However, decreased accuracy in complex cases and inconsistencies among models highlight the need for careful validation before clinical utilization
Oxidant/Antioxidant Equilibrium and Neurotransmitter Levels in Camelids Used for Circus Activities: A Preliminary Study
No full textThe conditions of animals in captivity have long been a cause for concern, and for that reason should be carefully assessed. In circus activities, animals are used for different purposes, but their needs are different due to their physiological peculiarities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the emotional state and the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in dromedaries, camels, and llamas subjected to circus management. Blood samples were taken from five specimens of three different species in order to assess the serum concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and the plasma levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-Roms) and the animals’ biological antioxidant potential (BAP). The results showed higher levels of d-Roms in dromedaries and llamas than camels and higher concentrations of BAP in camels than other species. Finally, dromedaries showed a higher dopamine concentration than llamas. This preliminary study suggested that some of the species investigated here are more influenced by the circus environment, especially on a relational level. Although the results collected in this study are preliminary and need to be supported by further, more comprehensive investigations from the point of view of welfare assessment, it could be hypothesized that the emotional state and the oxidant/antioxidant balance is very important to assess in an environment such as the circus
The Global Burden of Maxillofacial Trauma in Critical Care: A Narrative Review of Epidemiology, Prevention, Economics, and Outcomes
No full textBackground and Objectives: Maxillofacial trauma represents a significant global health challenge with substantial physical, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences. Materials and Methods: This narrative review analyzed 112 articles published between 2000 and 2024 examining epidemiology, prevention, economics, and outcomes of maxillofacial trauma in critical care settings. Results: Road traffic accidents remain the primary cause globally, followed by interpersonal violence and occupational injuries. Effective prevention strategies include seat belt laws, helmet legislation, and violence prevention programs. Economic burden encompasses direct healthcare costs (averaging USD 55,385 per hospitalization), productivity losses (11.8 workdays lost per incident), and rehabilitation expenses (USD 3800–18,000 per patient). Surgical management has evolved toward early intervention, minimally invasive approaches, and advanced techniques using computer-aided design and 3D printing. Complications affect 3–33% of patients, with significant functional disabilities and psychological sequelae (post-traumatic stress disorder in 27%, depression/anxiety in 20–40%). Conclusion: Maxillofacial trauma management requires multidisciplinary approaches addressing both immediate treatment and long-term rehabilitation. Despite technological advances, disparities in specialized care access persist globally. Future efforts should implement evidence-based prevention strategies, reduce care disparities, and develop comprehensive approaches addressing physical, psychological, and socioeconomic dimensions through collaboration among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders
Early versus Delayed Switching from Controlled to Assisted Ventilation: A Target Trial Emulation
No full textRationale: In critically ill patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, switching from controlled to assisted ventilation is a crucial milestone toward ventilator liberation. The optimal timing for switching to assisted ventilation has not been studied. Objectives: Our objective was to determine whether a strategy of early compared with delayed switching affects the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, and mortality. Methods: We conducted a target trial emulation using the prospective, global WEAN SAFE (the WorldwidE AssessmeNt of Separation of pAtients From ventilatory assistancE) dataset. Patients were eligible for switching if they were still on controlled mechanical ventilation, were not receiving neuromuscular blockers, and had PaO2:FIO2 ratios .150 mm Hg. We compared an “early switching” strategy (switch within 1 day after reaching switching eligibility criteria) with a “delayed switching” strategy (switch 1 or more days after reaching the switching eligibility criteria). The primary outcome was the 28-day cumulative incidence of successful extubation. Secondary outcomes included 28-day and 90-day ICU discharge and ICU mortality. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 1,489 patients met the switching eligibility criteria. The early-switch group had, on average, 4 additional days of being successfully extubated over the 28-day period (95% confidence interval [CI], 3–6 days; P, 0.001) compared with the delayed group, with a higher difference in cumulative incidence of successful extubation at Day 28 (7% [95% CI, 0–13%]; P = 0.04). Early switching was associated with an 11% higher cumulative incidence of ICU discharge at Day 28 (95% CI, 7–18%; P, 0.001) and an average of 7 additional days discharged from the ICU over the 90-day period (95% CI, 4–12 days; P, 0.001) compared with delayed switching. ICU mortality rates did not differ between the strategies. Conclusions: Early switching from controlled to assisted ventilation is associated with shorter duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and ICU stay compared with delayed switching
Fermentation of second cheese whey by Propionibacterium freudenreichii: Metabolomic profiling and pathway insights for valorization.
No full textTo investigate the key metabolic pathways activated by Propionibacterium freudenreichii during the fermentation
of second cheese whey (SCW), five strains previously selected for physiological, technological, and functional
traits were used to ferment three SCW samples from dairies differing in technological level and whey cheese
coagulation technique. Despite variations in SCW composition, all strains exhibited robust growth, reaching up
to 9.65 Log10 CFU/mL. Untargeted metabolomic analysis grouped both fermented and unfermented SCW samples
into three main clusters, primarily driven by differences among the unfermented SCWs. This highlights the key
role of SCW composition in shaping the metabolome, although the contribution of the different strains in the
metabolomic profile of fermented SCW was also evident. The analysis further revealed the consistent accumu-
lation of 45 metabolites across all fermented samples, including derivatives of vitamins B9 and B12, essential
amino acids, as well as prebiotic and antioxidant compounds. Eleven metabolites were identified as potential
biomarkers of SCW fermentation by P. freudenreichii, such as dopamine 4-sulfate and N-(1-deoxy-1-fructosyl)
phenylalanine. Pathway analysis showed consistent enrichment of the “one-carbon pool by folate” pathway,
along with glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism and vitamin B6 pathways. These findings demonstrate the
metabolic versatility of P. freudenreichii in SCW and its suitability for SCW valorization through the production of
nutritionally relevant compounds. Further experiments are currently in progress to assess the in vivo probiotic
potential of the resulting microbial biomass and to confirm the suitability of fermented SCW as a sustainable and
cost-effective food and feed additiv
Hegel’s Theory of Self-Conscious Life and the Modern Aristotelianism
No full textHegelian philosophy, recently, has been dealing with the natu-
ralistic aspects connected to Hegel’s notion of self-conscious life and has
highlighted the tight correlation between the German philosopher and
Aristotle when it comes to the definition of the human being, its form of
life and its practical and historical dimension. This reading is embedded
within a wider debate about contemporary Aristotelian philosophy and
the way it accounts for some notions of practical philosophy especially
life-form and self-knowledge. In this contribution I will deal with Hegel’s
notions of life and self-consciousness, and the impact they have on
our understanding of human practices and institutions. I will compare
Hegel with authors like Anscombe and M. Thompson and highlight that
the notion of life can be deployed to shed light onto the fundamental
questions of practical thought and that it is crucial for an appropriate
understanding of the practical sphere of the human beings