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Gridded high-resolution current meter and hydrographic data from the Irminger Current mooring array from 2014 - 2022
No full textGridded field of daily mooring data from 2014 - 20022 from the Irminger Current mooring array. Details on data processing and deployments can be found in https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020JC016193 and https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021JC018188. The NIOZ mooring data is combined with teh M! data on the eastern flank of the Reykjanes Ridge which is included in this gridded data set
Cruise report 64PE505 - ReViFES Brown Bank, Frisian Front, Borkum reef grounds
No full textThis cruise was carried out for the ReViFES project. The rationale behind this cruise and project is to find out what the scale of ecosystem services of reef structures are in the North Sea. The initial focal area was the Brown Bank, an areas west of the Dutch coast near the Dutch-UK border, characterised by a shallow sand bank (~20 m deep) flanked by deep troughs (~40 m) in an otherwise ~30 m deep region. In 2017-2019 a Sabellaria spinulosa reef was observed (van der Reijden et al. 2019; van der Reijden et al. 2021) in the eastern and western trences next to the bank. The revifes team aimed to revisit these reefs and investigate the ecosystem services provided by the reef.
However, the reefs were not observed and the team could not execute the plan. Therefore, an alternative location with recent observations of Sabellaria near the Frisian Front north of Texel (unpublished data Bureau Waardenburg) was surveyed as well. Again, the observed reefs were not detected. Then it was decided to spend the last 6 research days on investigating the Borkum Reef grounds on the border of the Dutch - German continental shelf, situated approximately 20 km offshore (north) from the island of Schiermonnikoog. This site had been studied in 2020 (Witbaard et al. 2021) and 2021 (Coolen et al. 2021)
Synthesis of in situ marine calcium carbonate dissolution kinetic measurements in the water column - Data
No full textIn this data set, we compiled all published measurements of calcium carbonate CaCO3 dissolution rates in the water column (11 studies, 752 data points). So far, published studies have not been utilised as a whole because they have not previously been compiled and harmonised into one dataset and lacked relevant ancillary variables. We add hydrographic variables (such as temperature, salinity, and carbonate system parameters) by combining World Ocean Atlas data with the neural network CANYON-B, ultimately estimating the saturation state (Ω), which for the first time allows the comparison of measured dissolution rates between the different in situ studies
Dataset belonging to "Contrasts in the marine inorganic carbon chemistry of the Benguela Upwelling System since the Last Glacial Maximum"
No full textUpwelling regions are dynamic systems where relatively cold, nutrient- and CO2-rich waters reach to the surface from the deep. CO2 sink or source properties of these regions are dependent not only on the dissolved inorganic carbon content of the upwelled waters, but also on the efficiency of the biological carbon pump which constrains the drawdown of atmospheric CO2 in the surface waters. The Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) is a major upwelling region with one of the most productive marine ecosystems today. However, contrasting signals reported on the variation in upwelling intensities based on, for instance, foraminiferal and radiolarian indices from this region over the last glacial cycle indicate that a complete understanding of (local) changes is currently lacking. To reconstruct changes in the CO2 history of the Northern Benguela upwelling region over the last 27 kyr, we used a box core (64PE450-BC6) and piston core (64PE450-PC8) from the Walvis Ridge. Here, we apply various temperature and pCO2-proxies, representing both surface (UKʹ 37, δ13C of alkenones) and intermediate depth (Mg/Ca, B/Ca, S/Mg, δ11B in planktonic foraminiferal shells) processes. Reconstructed pCO2 records suggest enhanced storage of carbon at depth during the last glacial maximum. The offset between δ13C of planktonic (high δ13C) and benthic foraminifera (low δ13C) suggests an evidence of a more efficient biological carbon pump, potentially fuelled by remote and local iron supply through aeolian transport and dissolution in the shelf regions, effectively preventing release of the stored glacial CO2
Prince Edward Islands Biodiversity 2015-2017
No full textCommunity composition is one of the main factors influencing the ecological functioning of any given ecosystem, with a more diverse community providing a larger set of services. Benthic community composition can vary at spatial and temporal scales, with the dynamics of primary production and benthic food availability being key determinants of community structure of a given system. Studies have indicated shifts in benthic community composition at Sub Antarctic Islands over a period of 30 years, linked to variability in food availability driven by climate change. Here we aim to evaluate possible short-term variability in benthic community composition at the Sub Antarctic archipelago Prince Edward Islands (PEIs), sampling stations across three hydrographically dynamic regions over two consecutive years, 2016-2017. The results indicated significantly higher species richness and abundance in 2017 than in 2016, with some taxa also showing variation among regions around the PEIs. Such effects can be linked to different substratum type or hydrographic regime. This study further contributes to understanding variability and changes in benthic communities in the near future, an essential information to develop efficient management strategies for this vulnerable marine system
Macrobenthos in the subtidal Dutch Western Wadden Sea 1981 - 1982 and 2008 - 2010
No full textSampling programme on subtidal (= under low-water line) soft-sediment macrozoobenthos in the western Dutch Wadden Sea.
Aim: to describe the distribution and numbers of the relative poorly known subtidal macrozoobenthos, initially focussed on depths between low water line and NAP -5 m.
Periods: samplings took place in two distinct periods: 1981-1982, and 2008-2010
VMADCP data for validation of SCARIBOS model
No full textBertoncelj et al. Ocean Sciences
Flow patterns, hotspots and connectivity of land-derived substances at the sea surface of Curaçao in the Southern Caribbean
The South Caribbean Island of Curaçao is abundant in coral reef communities, but they are declining. Land-derived nutrients and pollutants are a potential contributing factor to this decline, as these substances after entering the ocean, can be transported towards reef sites by ocean currents. To study the movement of the substances and their potential impact on coral reefs, we developed SCARIBOS, a fine-resolution hydrodynamic model of the South CARIBbean Ocean System, with a 1/100° resolution. SCARIBOS covers the period from April 2020 to March 2024 (excluding spin-up time) to analyse flow patterns within that period around the close proximity of Curaçao. Furthermore, SCARIBOS is used as hydrodynamic input for Lagrangian particle tracking analysis with the Parcels framework, where we assess the distribution of positively buoyant substances and explore connectivity within Curaçao’s coastlines as well as with nearby regions of Aruba, Bonaire, the Venezuelan islands, and a portion of the Venezuelan mainland. Results reveal two dominant processes: the northwest-directed Caribbean Current and weaker cyclonic eddies moving in the opposite direction. These flow patterns influence hotspot locations of higher substance concentrations observed during eddy events. Our analysis also highlights increased particle accumulation of land-derived substances in the northwest of Curaçao, corresponding to the prevailing currents. While the focus is on land-derived nutrients and pollutants, this methodology can be extended to study other particle types such as plastic debris and coral larvae, providing valuable insights for marine conservation efforts and environmental management
Dataset belonging to "Impact of seawater inorganic carbon chemistry on element incorporation in foraminiferal shell carbonate"
No full textReconstruction of the marine inorganic carbon system relies on proxy signal carriers, such as element / calcium (El/Ca) ratios in foraminiferal shells. Concentrations of boron, lithium, strontium, and sulfur have been shown to vary with carbonate system parameters, but when comparing individual proxy reconstructions based on these elements they are rarely in complete agreement. This is likely caused by the simultaneous effects of multiple environmental factors on element incorporation. Culture experiments with benthic foraminifera have revealed that the shell?s S/Ca reflects the carbon chemistry and can potentially be used as a proxy for seawater [CO32-]. Aiming to investigate the application potential of sulfur incorporation for carbonate speciation reconstruction, we present S/Ca ratios in five planktonic foraminiferal species, namely G. bulloides, G. ruber albus, G. ruber ruber, T. sacculifer, and N. incompta from core-top sediments in regions with contrasting [CO32-], [HCO3-], temperature, and salinity. Analyses of B/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios are included here since these elements have been shown to depend to a certain degree on carbon system parameters (e.g. calcite saturation state and pH, respectively) as well. Moreover, foraminiferal Mg/Ca values are covarying with S/Ca values and thereby might compromise its proxy application. In contrast to previously published results, this new dataset shows a positive correlation between the incorporation of sulfur in the foraminifer?s shell and seawater [CO32-]. As the incorporation of sulfur and magnesium are positively correlated, S/Mg values of the same foraminifer may be used to improve inorganic carbon system reconstructions
Scale-dependent interactions in coastal biogeomorphic landscapes: pioneer both inhibits and facilitates primary foredune builder across spatial scales
No full textEcosystem engineers often drive landscape formation and vegetation succession by modifying environmental conditions. Along the Northwestern European coast, dune formation is classically believed to be pioneered by sand couch (Elytrigia juncea), followed by the primary foredune builder marram grass (Calamagrostis arenaria, formerly Ammophila arenaria) once sufficiently large dunes have formed. However, these ideas lack experimental validation, leaving the specific relationship between sand couch, the landscape they form, and marram grass establishment unknown. Here, we experimentally investigated this relationship by planting 975 young marram grass plants in two sand couch dominated, embryonic dune systems. Using structural equation models, we examined the effect of sand couch and the landscape attributes (i.e., elevation, distance to sea and elevation change) on marram grass establishment. Results reveal indirect local inhibition by sand couch via landscape modifications on survival of establishing marram grass. Specifically, sand couch elevated the environment, and elevated areas in turn eroded more in winter, which was the key factor reducing marram grass survival. At the landscape scale, however, we observed the highest survival in relatively stable and sheltered microsites formed because of sand couch dune building. While the indirect inhibition by sand couch through elevation was found at both locations, the direct effects of sand couch on survival (i.e., neutral in exposed and positive in sheltered conditions) and shoot formation (i.e., negative in exposed and neutral in sheltered conditions) were location and thus context dependent. Similar to scale-dependent interactions found in other biogeomorphic landscapes (e.g., salt marshes, seagrass, mussel beds), we suggest that interspecific facilitation acts on larger spatial scales rather than the commonly suggested small-scale facilitation through created elevation. More specifically, we suggest that dune formation by pioneer species leads to the creation of stable and sheltered microsites beneficial for establishment of later successional species at the landscape-scale
Spiralling Inverse Method: A new inverse method to estimate ocean mixing - Data
No full textHere we introduce the Spiralling Inverse Method (SIM) that provides estimates of the small-scale and mesoscale mixing strength.
The SIM uses a vertical integral over a balance between the watermass transformation equation and the thermal wind equation.
The result is an equation where all terms, except for the mixing strengths, can be obtained from hydrographic data of temperature and salinity.
As an advantage, the SIM estimates the mixing strengths without the need of further knowledge of a reference velocity or streamfunction.
Here we apply the SIM to a small region in the North Atlantic. We find that the estimates obtained by the SIM compare well to observations and other (inverse) estimates of the mixing strength.
The SIM therefore has potential to improve and constrain parameterizations used for climate and ecosystem modelling using readily available hydrographic data.
This dataset contains the final results as published in the accompanying article