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APPLICATION OF ORTHOSIS AND PROSTHESIS IN PHYSIOTHERAPY
No full textPrimjena ortoza i proteza predstavlja vaţan segment rehabilitacijskog procesa u fizioterapiji,
osobito kod osoba s motoriĉkim oštećenjima, amputacijama ili neurološkim bolestima. U
ovom radu prikazana je uloga i znaĉaj ortopedskih pomagala u vraćanju funkcionalnosti i
poboljšanju kvalitete ţivota pacijenata. Kroz teorijski dio obraĊeni su osnovni pojmovi,
klasifikacija ortoza i proteza te indikacije za njihovu primjenu. Poseban naglasak stavljen je
na ulogu fizioterapeuta u procesu adaptacije i edukacije koje prate korištenje ovih pomagala.
TakoĊer je analiziran znaĉaj individualnog pristupa svakom pacijentu s obzirom na specifiĉne
potrebe i ciljeve rehabilitacije. Uloga fizioterapeuta nije samo u tehniĉkoj primjeni ortoza i
proteza, već i u psihosocijalnoj podršci pacijentu, motivaciji te osiguravanju optimalne
funkcionalnosti kroz obuku.The application of orthoses and prostheses represents an important segment of the
rehabilitation process in physiotherapy, especially for individuals with motor impairments,
amputations, or neurological diseases. This researche presents the role and significance of
orthopedic aids in restoring functionality and improving the quality of life of patients. The
theoretical part covers basic concepts, classification of orthoses and prostheses, and
indications for their use. Special emphasis is placed on the role of the physiotherapist in the
adaptation and education process that accompanies the use of these aids. The significance of
an individual approach to each patient concerning specific needs and rehabilitation goals has
also been analyzed. The role of the physiotherapist is not only in the technical application of
orthoses and prostheses but also in providing psychosocial support to the patient, motivation,
and ensuring optimal functionality through training
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES IN RUPTURE OF PECTORALIS MAJOR
No full textRuptura musculus pectoralis major predstavlja kompleksnu mišićno-tetivnu ozljedu koja se najčešće javlja kod fizički aktivnih muškaraca, osobito tijekom izvođenja vježbi snage poput bench pressa. Ozljeda se najčešće događa u fazi ekscentrične kontrakcije mišića, pri čemu dolazi do djelomičnog ili potpunog prekida kontinuiteta tetive na njezinom hvatištu za humerus. Klinička slika uključuje naglu bol, gubitak mišićne konture, hematom i funkcionalni deficit ramena. Dijagnostički pristup temelji se na kliničkom pregledu, funkcionalnim testovima i slikovnim metodama poput ultrazvuka i magnetne rezonancije. Kirurško liječenje predstavlja zlatni standard kod potpunih ruptura, dok konzervativna terapija dolazi u obzir kod parcijalnih ozljeda ili kod pacijenata s niskim funkcionalnim zahtjevima. Rehabilitacija ima ključnu ulogu u procesu oporavka te mora biti strukturirana prema fazama i individualizirana. Fizioterapijski protokoli uključuju postupnu mobilizaciju, jačanje muskulature, proprioceptivne vježbe i biomehaničku korekciju. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati suvremene dijagnostičke i terapijske pristupe, te fizioterapijske metode koje omogućuju potpunu funkcionalnu reintegraciju ozlijeđenog segmenta i siguran povratak svakodnevnim i sportskim aktivnostima.Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle represents a complex musculotendinous injury most seen in physically active males, particularly during strength-based exercises such as the bench press. The injury typically occurs during the eccentric contraction phase, leading to a partial or complete tear of the tendon at its insertion on the humerus. The clinical presentation includes sudden pain, loss of muscle contour, hematoma, and functional impairment of the shoulder. Diagnosis is based on a thorough clinical examination, functional testing, and imaging modalities such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical repair is considered the gold standard for complete ruptures, while conservative treatment is reserved for partial tears or patients with low functional demands. Rehabilitation plays a critical role in recovery and must be phase-based and individually tailored. Physiotherapeutic protocols include progressive mobilization, muscle strengthening, proprioceptive training, and biomechanical correction. This paper aims to present modern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, as well as physiotherapy methods that facilitate full functional recovery of the injured segment and a safe return to daily and athletic activities
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES IN TREATMENT OF PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
No full textCilj ovog rada je opisati postupke rehabilitacije i ublaţavanja simptoma psorijatičnog
artritisa, kronične reumatske bolesti, koja se javlja usporedno sa psorijazom koţe. Razarajući
tijek bolesti ograničava anatomsku funkciju zglobova te pridonosi propadanju zglobnih
struktura. Zglobne promjene koje se javljaju izraţavaju se kliničkom slikom putem boli,
ukočenosti i upale. Iako etiologija psorijatičnog artritisa nije potpuno poznata, patologija
bolesti ukazuje na genetsku predispoziciju uz djelovanje vanjskih elemenata. TakoĎer u
kombinaciji sa psorijazom ujedinjuje zajedničke imunološke čimbenike. Anamnezom
bolesnika i njegove obitelji olakšava se rano prepoznavanje bolesti. Vaţan značaj imaju i
posebni kriteriji otkrivanja bolesti koji suţavaju dijagnostičke postupke i otklanjaju postojanje
reumatskog faktora. Fizioterapijski postupci ovise o akutnom i kroničnom stadiju bolesti te
pravovremenoj procjeni. Fizioterapijskim vjeţbama postiţe se pozitivan učinak na opće
zdravlje te se smanjuje vrijeme provedeno u oporavku. Edukacija priprema bolesnika na
samostalan ţivot te pomaţe u danjem razumijevanju bolesti.The aim of this paper is to describe the procedures for rehabilitation and symptoms relief
of psoriatic arthritis, a chronic rheumatic disease that occurs in parallel with psoriasis of the
skin. The devastating course of the disease limits the anatomical function of the joints and
contributes to the deterioration of joint structures. The joint changes that occur are expressed
in the clinical picture through pain, stiffness, and inflammation. Although the etiology of
psoriatic arthritis is not entirely known, the pathology of the disease indicates a genetic
predisposition with the action of external elements. Also, in combination with psoriasis it
unites common immunological factors. The patient's and his family's medical history
facilitates early recognition of the disease. Special criteria for detecting the disease are also
important, which narrow the diagnostic procedures and eliminate the existence of a rheumatic
factor. Physiotherapy procedures depend on the acute and chronic stage of the disease and on
timely assessment. Physiotherapy exercises have a positive effect on general health and
reduce the time spent in recovery. Education prepares the patient for independent living and
helps in a better understanding of the disease
PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC REHABILITATION PROCESS OF RECTUS ABDOMINIS DIASTASIS AFTER CHILDBIRTH
No full textDijastaza m. rectus abdominis predstavlja razdvajanje ravnog trbušnog mišića uslijed rastezanja
i oslabljenja vezivnog tkiva linee albe. Najčešće se javlja tijekom trudnoće i nakon poroda, kada
hormonske i mehaničke promjene dovode do povećanog opterećenja trbušne stijenke, no može
nastati i kod muškaraca te žena izvan perinatalnog razdoblja. Ovo stanje ima brojne
funkcionalne posljedice jer narušava stabilnost trupa, biomehaniku i posturu tijela, a
posljedično otežava izvođenje svakodnevnih aktivnosti. Simptomi uključuju bol u donjem
dijelu leđa, zdjelici i abdomenu, osjećaj slabosti trbušne muskulature te smanjenu sposobnost
fizičkog napora. U radu se prikazuje anatomska i funkcionalna podloga dijastaze, s naglaskom
na specifične promjene koje se javljaju tijekom trudnoće i nakon poroda. Opisuju se postupci
dijagnostike koji obuhvaćaju kliničke testove palpacijom i mjerenjem širine razmaka, kao i
instrumentalne metode, pri čemu ultrazvučna dijagnostika omogućuje preciznu i objektivnu
procjenu stanja. Posebna pozornost posvećena je fizioterapijskoj procjeni te planiranju
individualiziranog rehabilitacijskog programa. Fizioterapijske intervencije temelje se na
edukaciji pacijentica o pravilnom angažmanu trbušnih i posturalnih mišića, aktivaciji dubokih
stabilizatora trupa, jačanju mišića zdjeličnog dna i uspostavi pravilnih obrazaca disanja.
Postupna progresija specifičnih vježbi provodi se prema funkcionalnim mogućnostima i
ciljevima svake osobe. Pravovremeno započeta i stručno vođena rehabilitacija pokazuje
značajne učinke u smanjenju simptoma, poboljšanju funkcionalnih sposobnosti te prevenciji
dugoročnih posljedica povezanih s dijastazom. Time se ne samo povećava kvaliteta života žena
u postpartalnom razdoblju, već se osigurava njihova bolja fizička pripremljenost za buduće
životne izazove i moguće nove trudnoće.Diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle refers to the separation of the abdominal wall muscles
caused by stretching and weakening of the connective tissue of the linea alba. It most commonly
occurs during pregnancy and in the postpartum period, when hormonal and mechanical changes
lead to increased stress on the abdominal wall, but it can also be observed in men and in women
outside the perinatal period. This condition has multiple functional consequences as it
compromises trunk stability, biomechanics, and posture, which in turn makes daily activities
more difficult. Symptoms include pain in the lower back, pelvis, and abdomen, a feeling of
weakness in the abdominal musculature, and reduced ability to tolerate physical exertion. This
paper presents the anatomical and functional background of the condition, with an emphasis on
the specific changes that occur during pregnancy and after childbirth. Diagnostic methods are
described, including clinical tests performed through palpation and measuring the width of the
gap, as well as instrumental methods, with ultrasound providing a precise and objective
assessment. Special attention is given to physiotherapy evaluation and the planning of
individualized rehabilitation programs. Physiotherapy interventions are based on patient
education regarding proper activation of abdominal and postural muscles, strengthening of the
deep trunk stabilizers and pelvic floor muscles, and the establishment of correct breathing
patterns. A gradual progression of specific exercises is applied according to the functional
capacity and goals of each individual. Timely and professionally guided rehabilitation
demonstrates significant benefits in reducing symptoms, improving functional capacity, and
preventing long-term consequences associated with this condition. As a result, the quality of
life of women in the postpartum period is improved, while also ensuring better physical
preparedness for future life challenges and potential subsequent pregnancies
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES IN THE TREATMENT OF FIBROMYALGIA
No full textFibromijalgija je kronična bolest koju karakteriziraju simptomi poput bolova, osjetljivosti i zakočenosti u mišićima, koji su popraćeni umorom i problemima sa spavanjem, što često rezultira različitim mentalnim i kognitivnim poremećajima. Dijagnoza se uspostavlja praćenjem simptoma te isključivanjem drugih mogućih uzroka simptoma, stoga je za postavljanje konačne dijagnoze u prosjeku potrebno više od dvije godine, a često i posjeta više liječnika. Lijek za fibromijalgiju ne postoji, te se bolest tretira simptomatski što rezultira individualnim planom terapije za svakog pacijenta. Neki od tretmana koji su se pokazali učinkovitima u dosadašnjim istraživanjima su medikamentozna terapija, kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija te fizioterapijske metode poput kineziterapije, hidroterapije, termoterapije i elektroterapije. Kombinacija farmakoloških i nefarmakoloških metoda pokazala se najučinkovitijom metodom trajnijeg ublažavanja simptoma, što automatski utječe na olakšanje svakodnevnog života pacijenta. Redovito provođenje fizioterapijskih postupaka je bitno jer mogu značajno pomoći kod ublažavanja svih simptoma bolesti.Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease characterized by symptoms such as pain, tenderness and stiffness in the muscles, which are accompanied by fatigue and sleep problems, which often results in various mental and cognitive disorders. The diagnosis is established by monitoring the symptoms and excluding other possible causes of the symptoms, therefore it takes more than two years on average to establish a final diagnosis, and often visits to several doctors. There is no cure for fibromyalgia, and the disease is treated symptomatically, which results in an individual therapy plan for each patient. Some of the treatments that have proven to be effective in previous research are drug therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and physiotherapy methods such as kinesitherapy, hydrotherapy, thermotherapy and electrotherapy. The combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods proved to be the most effective method of permanent relief of symptoms, which automatically affects the ease of the patient's daily life. Regular physiotherapy procedures are essential because they can significantly help alleviate all symptoms of the disease
HIPPOTHERAPY FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITTIES
No full textCilj ovoga rada je istražiti učinke hipoterapije na fizičko i psihičko zdravlje osoba s
invaliditetom. Poseban naglasak stavlja se na evaluaciju terapijskih koristi koje ove metoda
pruža u poboljšanju kvalitete života korisnika. Hipoterapija je oblik terapije koji uključuje
korištenje konja, a temelji se na trodimenzionalnom obrascu konjskog hoda koji biomehanički
oponaša ljudski hod. Takvo kretanje potiče aktivaciju zdjelice i trupa korisnika, čime se
omogućuje postizanje neutralnog i stabilnog položaja tijela. Sam naziv „hipoterapija“ potječe
od grčke riječi hippos (konj) i engleske riječi therapy (terapija). Ova terapija djeluje na
neuromotoričke, kognitivne i psihosocijalne funkcije korisnika, a provodi je stručno educirani
hipoterapeutski tim. Tim najčešće uključuje fizioterapeuta s dodatnom edukacijom iz
hipoterapije, vodiča konja s važećom jahačkom dozvolom te pomoćnika. Ključni element
terapije je sam konj, pažljivo odabran sukladno individualnim potrebama korisnika, pri čemu
se vodi računa o njegovoj naravi, hodu i visini. Korisnik tijekom terapije nosi zaštitnu
opremu, dok se za konja koristi posebno prilagoĎeno sedlo ili podsedlica, ovisno o vrsti i
ciljevima terapije. Terapija se odvija u sigurnom i kontroliranom okruženju, najčešće unutar
ograĎenog jahališta. Hipoterapija se primjenjuje kod različitih dijagnoza, uključujući
amputacije, cerebralnu paralizu, multiplu sklerozu, poremećaje senzorne integracije i
kroničnu bol, s ciljem poboljšanja ravnoteže, posture i funkcionalne mobilnosti i kvalitete
života. Po postizanju terapijskih ciljeva, korisnik može biti usmjeren prema sportskom ili
rekreativnom jahanju, a u nekim slučajevima i prema natjecateljskom jahanju u disciplini
paradresure, uz prethodnu stručnu procjenu sposobnosti.The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of hippotherapy on the physical and mental
health of people with disabilities. Special emphasis is placed on the evaluation of the
therapeutic benefits that this method provides in improving the user's quality of life.
Hippotherapy is a form of therapy that involves the use of horses and is based on a three
dimensional pattern of horse gait that biomechanically mimics the human gait. Such
movement stimulates the activation of the pelvis and trunk of the user, which allows for the
achievement of a neutral and stable body position. The name "hippotherapy" itself comes
from the Greek word hippos (horse) and the English word therapy (therapy). This therapy
affects the neuromotor, cognitive and psychosocial functions of the user, and is carried out by
a professionally trained hippotherapy team. The team most often includes a physiotherapist
with additional education in hippotherapy, a horse handler with a valid riding license and an
assistant. The key element of the therapy is the horse itself, carefully selected according to the
individual needs of the user, taking into account its nature, gait and height. During the
therapy, the user wears protective equipment, while a specially adapted saddle or saddle pad is
used for the horse, depending on the type and goals of the therapy. The therapy takes place in
a safe and controlled environment, most often within a fenced riding arena. Hippotherapy is
used for a variety of diagnoses, including amputations, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis,
sensory integration disorders, and chronic pain, with the goal of improving balance, posture,
and functional mobility and quality of life. After achieving the therapeutic goals, the user can
be directed towards sport or recreational riding, and in some cases also towards competitive
riding in the discipline of paradressage, with a previous professional assessment of abilities
PHYSIOTHERAPYAPPROACHTOPATIENTSWITHDEPRESSIONAND ANXIETY
No full textDepresija i anksioznost predstavljaju ozbiljan javnozdravstveni problem suvremenog društva,
s rastućom stopom incidencije i prevalencije. Oba poremećaja nerijetko se pojavljuju
istovremeno i snažno utječu na psihološko, emocionalno, socijalno i tjelesno funkcioniranje
pojedinca. Iako se tradicionalno liječe farmakoterapijom i psihoterapijom, sve više se
prepoznaje važnost holističkog i multidisciplinarnog pristupa u kojem fizioterapija zauzima
značajno mjesto. Tjelesni aspekti depresije i anksioznosti uključuju simptome poput napetosti
u mišićima, boli, umora, nesanice, promjene držanja i smanjene razine fizičke aktivnosti, što
ukazuje na potrebu uključivanja fizioterapeuta u skrb o ovim pacijentima. Fizioterapijski
pristup usmjeren je na smanjenje somatskih simptoma, poticanje tjelesne aktivnosti,
regulaciju disanja i poboljšanje općeg psihofizičkog stanja. Primjenom različitih manualnih
tehnika, relaksacijskih metoda, vježbi disanja i aerobnih aktivnosti može se značajno utjecati
na smanjenje razine stresa, anksioznosti i depresivnog raspoloženja. Osim izravnog učinka na
fizičke simptome, fizioterapija doprinosi osjećaju kontrole nad vlastitim tijelom, poboljšava
samopouzdanje i vraća osjećaj sigurnosti i prisutnosti u sadašnjem trenutku. Uspostavljanjem
pozitivne terapijske interakcije, fizioterapija također ima ulogu u stvaranju osjećaja podrške,
prihvaćanja i emocionalne sigurnosti. Dugoročno gledano, takav pristup može doprinijeti
poboljšanju kvalitete života, funkcionalnih sposobnosti i smanjenju rizika od kronifikacije
psihičkih tegoba. U kontekstu sve veće potrebe za nefarmakološkim pristupima mentalnom
zdravlju, fizioterapija se nameće kao vrijedan, a često zanemaren resurs u skrbi za osobe s
depresijom i anksioznošću.Depression and anxiety are significant public health issues in modern society, with increasing
incidence and prevalence rates. These disorders frequently coexist and have a profound
impact on an individual's psychological, emotional, social, and physical functioning. While
pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments remain standard approaches, the
importance of a holistic and multidisciplinary perspective is becoming more widely
recognized, with physiotherapy playing a valuable role. The somatic manifestations of
depression and anxiety, such as muscle tension, pain, fatigue, insomnia, postural changes, and
reduced physical activity, highlight the need for physiotherapeutic involvement in patient care.
Physiotherapy interventions aim to alleviate physical symptoms, encourage movement,
regulate breathing, and improve overall psychophysical wellbeing. Through manual
techniques, relaxation methods, breathing exercises, and aerobic activity, physiotherapy can
significantly reduce stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. In addition to addressing
physical complaints, physiotherapy enhances bodily awareness, strengthens self-efficacy, and
helps restore a sense of safety and presence. Establishing a therapeutic alliance further
provides patients with emotional support, validation, and a sense of connection. In the long
term, physiotherapeutic approaches can contribute to improved quality of life, increased
functional capacity, and reduced risk of chronic psychological distress. In the context of
growing demand for non-pharmacological mental health interventions, physiotherapy
emerges as an important, yet often underutilized, resource in the care of individuals
experiencing anxiety and depression
Physiotherapy procedures for total knee replacement
No full textTotalna endoproteza (TEP) koljena predstavlja kirurški zahvat kojim se degenerativno ili traumatski oštećeni zglob zamjenjuje umjetnim implantatom. Najčešće indikacije za ugradnju TEP-a uključuju osteoartritis, reumatoidni artritis te različite vrste teških ozljeda koljena. Fizioterapijski postupci čine ključnu komponentu postoperativne rehabilitacije, budući da pridonose obnovi funkcionalnosti, poboljšanju pokretljivosti i vraćanju bolesnika svakodnevnim aktivnostima. Rehabilitacijski proces započinje već prvoga postoperativnog dana s ciljem prevencije mogućih komplikacija, među kojima se najčešće navode atrofija mišića i duboka venska tromboza. Tijek rehabilitacije strukturiran je u nekoliko faza. U početnoj fazi naglasak se stavlja na pasivne i aktivno potpomognute vježbe, vježbe disanja, cirkulacije i inicijalne vježbe jačanja muskulature. Srednja faza rehabilitacije obuhvaća provođenje aktivnih vježbi, progresivno jačanje mišića, hodanje uz pomoć ortopedskih pomagala te primjenu kineziterapije i hidroterapije. U završnoj fazi rehabilitacije cilj je postizanje gotovo potpune funkcije zgloba. U toj se fazi provode vježbe dinamičke stabilizacije, hodanje po stepenicama i neravnom terenu, kao i funkcionalne vježbe poput čučnjeva i iskoraka. Za uspješnost rehabilitacijskog procesa presudni su pravilna provedba fizikalne terapije, kontinuirano izvođenje vježbi te individualizirani pristup i posvećenost pacijentu.Total knee arthroplasty or TEP is a surgical procedure that replaces a damaged joint with an artificial implant. The predisposition that leads to the installation of TEP is most often due to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or some other serious injury. Physiotherapy procedures play an important role in rehabilitation, they are responsible for recovery, the course of rehabilitation, and are responsible for improving mobility and restoring knee function. Rehabilitation begins on the first day after surgery to reduce the possibility of certain complications such as muscle atrophy or thrombosis. During rehabilitation, which is carried out weekly, actively assisted or passive exercises are performed, then breathing exercises and circulation exercises and muscle strengthening exercises are performed, which is what is done during the initial phase of rehabilitation. During the middle phase of rehabilitation, active exercises, muscle strengthening exercises, walking with aids, as well as kinesitherapy and hydrotherapy are performed. In the later phase of rehabilitation, our goal is to achieve almost full knee function, and in this phase, we work on dynamic stabilization, walking on stairs and uneven terrain, and certain functional exercises such as squats, lunges, etc. In order for rehabilitation to be successful, proper implementation of physical therapy, regular exercise, and complete dedication to the patient are very important
SENSORY INTEGRATION IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
No full textSenzorna integracija predstavlja temeljni faktor u svim aspektima razvoja djeteta omogućujući mu uspješnu prilagodbu svijetu u kojem živi. Ključna je za usvajanje viših kognitivnih funkcija kod djece. Različitim osjetnim podražajima poput zvuka, dodira, mirisa prikupljaju informacije koje mozak obrađuje i povezuje u smislenu cjelinu. Ispravna obrada i povezivanje tih podražaja omogućuje djetetu da se uspješno snalazi u svakodnevnim životnim situacijama, komunicira s drugima i usvaja nove vještine. Aktivnosti poput skakanja ili obične vožnje biciklom u ranoj dobi ključne su za razvoj osnovnih kapaciteta za razvijanje kreativnosti, socijalnih vještina, sposobnosti rješavanja problema. Većini ljudi, proces senzorne integracije odvija se automatski i bez posebnog napora. Kod određene djece gdje mozak nije u mogućnosti obraditi osjetne informacije nastaje poremećaj senzorne integracije. Poremećaj uzrokuje poteškoće u ponašanju, učenju i percepciji. Senzorna integracija može se pojaviti kao samostalna teškoća ili kao dio određenog stanja poput autizma, govorno - jezičnih poteškoća, poremećaja pažnje (ADHD). Poremećaj senzorne integracije utječe na socijalno i emocionalno funkcioniranje djeteta. Djeca pokazuju simptom preosjetljivosti na zvukove, teksture, dok mogu biti manje osjetljiva na fizičke podražaje. Problemi mogu postati ozbiljni ometajući njihov razvoj te ih dovesti do niskog samopouzdanja i teškoća u usvajanju socijalnih normi. Senzorna terapija može imati znatan utjecaj na poboljšanje funkcionalnosti djeteta. U senzornoj integraciji koriste se specifične aktivnosti i tehnike za poboljšanje obrade osjetnih informacija, čime se potiče razvoj socijalnih i emocionalnih vještina.Sensory integration plays a crucial role in a child's overall development, enabling them to successfully adapt to the world they live in. It is essential for acquiring higher cognitive functions in children. Through various sensory stimuli such as sound, touch, and smell, they gather information that the brain processes and integrates into a meaningful whole. Proper processing and integration of these stimuli allow a child to navigate everyday situations successfully, communicate with others, and acquire new skills. Activities such as jumping or simply riding a bicycle at an early age are key to developing basic capacities for creativity, social skills, and problem-solving abilities. For most people, the process of sensory integration occurs automatically and effortlessly. However, in some children whose brains cannot process sensory information properly, a sensory integration disorder arises. This disorder leads to difficulties in behavior, learning, and perception itself. Sensory integration issues can appear as an independent difficulty or as part of conditions such as autism, speech and language disorders, or ADHD. Sensory integration disorder affects a child's social and emotional functioning. Children may show symptoms of hypersensitivity to sounds and textures, while being less sensitive to physical stimuli. These problems can become severe, disrupting their development and leading to low self-esteem and difficulties in adopting social norms. Sensory therapy can have a significant impact on improving a child's functionality. It utilizes specific activities and techniques to enhance sensory information processing, fostering better social and emotional skills
CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE
No full textOzljeda prednje ukrižene sveze jedna je od najučestalijih i najtežih ozljeda koljena, osobito u sportova koji zahtijevaju nagle promjene smjera i doskoke. Iako je kirurška rekonstrukcija standardni oblik liječenja, konzervativni pristupi sve više dobivaju na važnosti. Ovaj rad prikazuje fazni protokol konzervativne rehabilitacije rupture ACL-a. U akutnoj fazi ključna je imobilizacija koljena i kontrola boli, dok se provode izometričke vježbe i mobilizacija patele. Subakutna faza obilježena je postupnim povećavanjem opsega pokreta i uvođenjem aktivnih vježbi te propriocepcije. U kroničnoj fazi naglasak se stavlja na dinamičko jačanje mišića, stabilizaciju i razvoj neuromuskularne kontrole, dok završna faza obuhvaća sportski specifične aktivnosti, pliometriju i testiranje funkcionalne spremnosti. Istraživanja pokazuju da kod dijela pacijenata ACL može zacijeliti konzervativnim putem, a funkcionalni ishodi mogu biti jednako dobri kao kod operiranih bolesnika. Konzervativni pristup posebno se preporučuje pacijentima koji nisu profesionalni sportaši, onima kod kojih operacija nije medicinski indicirana ili koji preferiraju nekirurški put oporavka.Anterior cruciate ligament injury is one of the most common and severe knee injuries, especially in sports that require sudden changes in direction and landings. Although surgical reconstruction is the standard form of treatment, conservative approaches are increasingly gaining importance. This paper presents a phased protocol for conservative rehabilitation of ACL rupture. In the acute phase, knee immobilization and pain control are key, while isometric exercises and patellar mobilization are performed. The subacute phase is characterized by a gradual increase in range of motion and the introduction of active exercises and proprioception. In the chronic phase, the emphasis is placed on dynamic muscle strengthening, stabilization, and the development of neuromuscular control, while the final phase includes sport-specific activities, plyometrics, and functional fitness testing. Research shows that in some patients, the ACL can heal conservatively, and functional outcomes can be as good as in patients who have undergone surgery. A conservative approach is especially recommended for patients who are not professional athletes, those for whom surgery is not medically indicated, or who prefer a non-surgical recovery path