Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai
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THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF ARNOLD SCHÖNBERG’S BIRTH & CENTENARY OF THE BIRTH OF LUIGI NONO
Full text linkMessage of Thank
ELECTRONICS AND INDERMINACY IN THE MUSIC OF LUIGI NONO
Full text linkRather than having a specific discussion on the electronics used by Nono in the general span of his production, I prefer to refer to the latest works of the 80s, to focus on his poetics, his way of thinking and my personal vision relating to that period, in relation to the current moment.
 
A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE? THE BIBLE ON VIOLENCE, SUFFERING, AND HOPE
Full text linkThe essay explores the troubling yet central role of violence in the Bible. First, it outlines how violence appears across biblical narratives – ranging from personal to mass violence, both physical and psychological, and often with divine involvement. Four analytical axes are proposed: the phenomenology of violence, its spatial dimensions (human, divine, satanic), the agents/victims involved (including divine actors), and its ethical justifications or theological explanations. Special attention is given to the Book of Revelation. Its interpretations vary – from metaphorical and redemptive readings to critical and feminist critiques that view its message as tyrannical or dangerous. Despite its disturbing elements, Revelation is ultimately framed within the Christian drama of Christ’s sacrificial death, cosmic salvation, and eschatological hope.
Article history: Received 03.05.2025; Revised 05.05.2025; Accepted 15.05.2025.Available online: 26.06.2025. Available print: 30.07.2025
Ist Natur ein biblisches Wort? Naturtheologie in Geschichte und moderner Zeit – zu den frühen, dialektischen Äusserungen in Emil Brunners Obstaldener Predigten
Full text linkNatural Theology: Is Nature a Biblical Word? In my article, I would like to show Emil Brunner’s early thoughts and statements that he makes in his sermons in Obstalden. These sermons are still unknown and unpublished. It is mostly claimed that Brunner entered in a modern and dialectical phase because of his colleague in the Reformed Church, Karl Barth. True is that they later had intense discussions about theses and antitheses in their first dialectical phase from 1919 to 1934. Brunner, however, makes new dialectical thoughts about nature much earlier than, and without, Barth – for example, already in 1915, when he describes God’s community as a natural element of life and succeeds with it in a synthesis of nature and word revelation. He can even be considered as a dialectical forerunner because he reflects arguments of modern theology at this early time
„Íme, így szól hozzánk a múlt útmutatása.” Egyháztörténelmi hivatkozások használata egyházpolitikai szándékok igazolására (1946)
Full text link“Behold, the Guidance of the Past Speaks to Us”. Using References to Church History to Justify Church Policy (1946). Based on László Kósa’s suggestion that historical reference is an important element of communal identification in the Reformed Church, our study examines how the Hungarian Reformed recalled the memory of the Szatmárnémeti Synod of three hundred years ago in their renewal efforts following World War II. Through the analysis of three public speeches, our study illustrates how the church’s past was used to strengthen its present practices. In his New Year’s address, Bishop János Vásárhelyi of Transylvania stresses that the 1646 Szatmárnémeti Synod established order and warned of the importance of obedience. In other words, in Vásárhelyi’s interpretation, the institutions must control the movement. Aladár Szabó, during the summer of 1946, draws the lesson from the Szatmárnémeti Synod that it was an example of the inability of the institution to control the movement, which had a renewing effect without it. Finally, Bishop László Ravasz, in his episcopal report in November 1946, shows the eternal dialectic of movement and institution in the history of the Church and sees the lesson of the Szatmárnémeti Synod as that the institution had apparently won, but in reality, the movement had been legalized. According to Ravasz, the correct relationship between movement and institution is that the institution saves the movement from becoming a sect, while the movement can revive the institution burnt out by institutionalization. Our study also points out that the different interpretations of the commemoration of the Szatmárnémeti Synod also reflect the National Reformed Free Council movement, which began in 1946 to challenge the church government of Ravasz
ONLINE ELECTROCHEMICAL MONITORING OF PRODUCTS’ CONCENTRATIONS DURING THE HBr AND KOH ELECTROSYNTHESIS BY ELECTRODIALYSIS
Full text linkIn 2022, an estimated 62 billion kg of e-waste was generated, with an approximate value of $91 billion; however, the externalized and process costs of recycling make it economically unattractive. Our previous studies have demonstrated the possibility of electrochemically producing and regenerating the main reagents required for the Br2/Br- leaching system used in metals recovery from waste printed circuit boards. To facilitate the optimization of these processes, in this study, mathematical models were developed that enabled us to calculate concentration of KOH, H2SO4 and KBr from temperature and conductivity data and to determine the fitting parameters over the required concentration and temperature ranges using MATLAB’s Curve Fitting Toolbox. The developed models were compared against pre-existing ones and literature data and were validated using experimental data gathered using a complex computer-controlled setup. For KOH and KBr, the adapted models provide an almost perfect fit between the obtained calibration surfaces and literature and experimental data. Contrarily, for H2SO4, a more complex 10-parameter model was developed to properly fit data in the desired range of temperature and concentration. Using the obtained fitting parameters, the possibility of online and in situ monitoring of target electrolyte concentrations using inexpensive conductivity and temperature sensors was confirmed
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SWEETENERS ON THE TOTAL ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT OF HOMEMADE FOREST FRUIT JAM
Full text linkAnthocyanins, natural water-soluble pigments, responsible for the red, purple and blue colors in many fruits, are valued for their nutritional properties in fruit-based food products such as jams. However, their stability during storage is influenced by various factors among which the type of sweetener used to obtain these jams plays an important role. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of different sweeteners – sucrose, fructose, xylitol and aspartame – on anthocyanins’ degradation in homemade forest fruit jams during storage. Results indicate that xylitol offers the highest anthocyanins retention, the rate constant of the degradation process of the investigated pigments being k = 0.0124 days-1. Sucrose and fructose demonstrated a similar protective effect presenting comparable values of the degradation process of anthocyanins in their presence (ksucrose = 0.0184 days-1 and kfructose = 0.0196 days-1). The use of aspartame, a non-caloric sweetener, was associated with significantly higher degradation rate of anthocyanins over time. Overall, the choice of sweetener plays the critical role in preserving anthocyanins content in the homemade forest fruit jam with important implications for product quality, shelf-life and nutritional value
SYNTHESIS AND SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF A NEW γ-L-GLUTAMYL AMIDE AS POTENTIAL LIGAND FOR TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES
Full text linkConsidering the important chemical and biochemical application of L-glutamyl amides, this research reports a new compound namely (S)-2-amino-5-((4-(octyloxy)phenyl)amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid, as a potential ligand for transition metal complexes or for biological tests. This derivative was synthesized by a regioselective acylation of 4-(octyloxy)aniline using N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic anhydride, followed by hydrolysis of phthaloyl group with hydrazine hydrate. The mild conditions under which the reactions took place prevented the final synthetic product from being racemized. The identity of the glutamyl amide as well as the synthesis intermediates have been confirmed by spectral analyses such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HRMS and FT-IR in the solid state
MINERAL ABSORBENT EFFIECIENCY ON THE PETROLEUM SPILLS REMOVAL
Full text linkMineral absorbents are of great interest for the oil spills removal. Therefore, current investigation tests the removal ability of three commercial products: Zeolit Spectrum, Favisan Clay and professional oil spills removal Adabline II OS. SEM investigation reveals that all compounds relies on small phyllosilicates particles of about 1 – 5 µm accompanied by fewer coarser fractions of 100 – 150 µm. Mineralogical optical microscopy reveals that Zeolit Spectrum and Adabline II OS contains mainly Clinoptilolite while Favisan Clay contains mostly Kaolinite (1 – 10 µm) with some traces of Biotite (5 – 30 µm). These products were tested on diesel and burnt oil spills. The gravimetric measurements reveal the best specific absorption for Clinoptilolite of about 1.26 g/g for diesel and 1.69 g/g for oil while Kaolinite has only 1.04 g/g for Diesel and 1.37 g/g for oil spill. The fact was proved by FTIR spectroscopy revealing the increase of the C=C and C-O. The absorption mechanism was observed by SEM revealing the diesel and oil penetration within the finest mineral clusters, Clinoptilolite being more efficient than Kaolinite which was slightly reluctant because of its hydrophilic nature
LE DROIT DE L’OHADA À L’ÈRE DU NUMÉRIQUE. RÉFLEXION À LA LUMIÈRE DE L’ACTE UNIFORME ORGANISANT LE DROIT COMMERCIAL GÉNÉRAL DU 15 DÉCEMBRE 2010 DANS LES 17 PAYS MEMBRES
Full text linkOhbla Law in the Digital Age: Reflections in Light of the Uniform Act Organizing General Commercial Law of 15 December 2010 in the 17 Member Countries. The digitalization of commercial law within the OHBLA area represents a major step toward adapting the legal framework to the digital economy. The 2010 reform introduced key innovations, including the recognition of electronic documents, digital signatures, and the digitalization of the RCCM, thereby improving transaction speed and transparency. However, several challenges persist: unequal digital infrastructure, limited cybersecurity, low digital literacy, and the need for harmonized practices among member States. The success of this reform will therefore require strong technical and institutional support