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Risikoeinschätzung zur Einschleppung von Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD; auch Dermatitis nodularis) in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Aktualisierung für den Januar auf Basis des Zeitraums 30.07.2025 – 16.01.2026
No full textDie Aktualisierung erfolgte vor dem Hintergrund weiterer gemeldeter LSD-Ausbrüche in Frankreich mit größerer Nähe zur deutschen Landesgrenze im Verlauf der letzten Monate
The role of reservoir plants and alternative vectors for the spread of Flavescence dorée (FD) phytoplasmas in FD-free regions: Lamprotettix nitidulus identified as a new vector
No full textThe vineyards of Palatinate (Germany) and Alsace (France) in the Upper Rhine valley are still free from Flavescence dorée (FD) disease, but the main vector in grapevine, the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus, has recently been detected. Knowledge of reservoir plants and alternative vectors of FD phytoplasmas (FDp) is crucial for management strategies. An interregional survey showed that among 12 main wild woody plants and liana species sampled in the environments of vineyards, only alders were infected by FDp, with high prevalence of MAP-FD2 genotypes. Yellow sticky traps were used to record the abundance and analyze the natural infection rate of potential leafhopper vectors on alders, clematis and cultivated grapevine. Live specimens were collected for inoculation trials. High infection rates and transmission capacities of resident Allygus spp. and the invasive Orientus ishidae were confirmed. In addition, five other Deltocephalinae species were identified as potential vectors of FDp. Lamprotettix nitidulus showed a high abundance and high infection rates with FDp in both regions. Its transmission competence of FDp to alder and broad bean could be demonstrated through repeated trials and high FDp titers were measured in infective individuals. Similar titers were measured in Synophropsis lauri, suggesting it could also transmit FDp. Fieberiella florii, Euscelidius variegatus and Japananus hyalinus may also play a role for the spread of 16SrV group phytoplasmas. Six new MAP-FD1 and FD2 genotypes were detected in leafhoppers. The prevalent and only transmitted genotype was M38: a vectotype II compatible with S. titanus transmission. The results show that the natural spread of FDp among alders is more complex than previously thought, and thus, the risk of transmissions to grapevine is more difficult to evaluate
Social infrastructure in neighbourhoods and cities: studying the facilities that sustain community, social networks, and trust
No full textProtocol for the establishment and morphological characterization of long-term cultivated murine cerebral organoids
No full textMurine cerebral organoids provide a rapid and reproducible in vitro system that recapitulates key aspects of neurogenesis. While human cerebral organoid protocols are well established, methods for non-human models remain limited. Here, we present a protocol for generating long-term cultured murine cerebral organoids from E14.5 embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We describe steps for generating mature organoids, followed by histological processing including paraffin embedding and microtome sectioning. We then detail procedures for characterizing murine cerebral organoids through H&E staining and immunofluorescence techniques
Human safety of SPBN GASGAS for oral rabies vaccination of dogs
No full textOral rabies vaccination (ORV) of dogs has been suggested as a complementary tool to injectable rabies vaccination, to access free-roaming dogs during mass dog vaccination campaigns. Stringent safety requirements have been developed and implemented for ORVs targeting wildlife and dogs. Part of the safety requirements involves conducting a risk assessment of the potential for human contact with the vaccine virus and the impact on human health. The former is predominantly determined by the bait distribution method and the latter by the safety profile of the vaccine construct. This risk assessment is focused on a commercially available ORV for dogs, SPBN GASGAS. Overall, it is concluded that although human contacts with the vaccine virus do occur infrequently, the risk of serious adverse events in humans is negligible due to the safety profile of the vaccine virus construct
Improving the in vitro detection of chemical-specific T cells: insights into p-phenylenediamine contact allergy
No full textHigher tier estimation of ammonia emissions from synthetic nitrogen fertilizers in emission inventories: data collation, methodology and analysis
No full textSynthetic fertilizers are a key source of ammonia (NH3) emissions globally and national emission inventories are an essential element of international agreements aimed at reducing these emissions. Here an analysis of published measurements of NH3 emission from synthetic fertilizer found that emissions were primarily determined by the experimental approach, the chemical composition of the fertilizer, environmental variables and the method of application. Measurements made using wind tunnels, semi-open chambers and the micrometeorological method produced similar results whereas those made with closed or ventilated chambers, Dräger tubes or 15N were lower. Measurements made outdoors were lower than those made in the laboratory. The most important factors determining the NH3 emissions were the method of application, the chemical composition of the fertilizer and, for fertilizers not based on solid forms of urea, the soil pH. National inventory compilers normally take account of these factors but are encouraged to use more detailed methodologies. Here we present a range of statistical models that would allow inventory compilers to also take into account application rate, air temperature, rainfall and soil clay content. However, to take advantage of these models would require the availability of additional, good quality input data. The conditional R2 of the models developed accounted for 44–55 % of the variance in NH3 emission measurements but the marginal R2 only 19–27 %. We recommend further investigation into the source of the low marginal R2 and, in particular, into the differences caused by the use of the different measurement methods