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Whole-genome resequencing of the wild barley diversity collection: a resource for identifying and exploiting genetic variation for cultivated barley improvement
Full text linkTo exploit allelic variation in Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum, the Wild Barley Diversity Collection was subjected to paired-end Illumina sequencing at ∼9 × depth and evaluated for several agronomic traits. We discovered 240.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after alignment to the Morex V3 assembly and 24.4 million short (1 to 50 bp) insertions and deletions. A genome-wide association study of lemma color identified one marker-trait association (MTA) on chromosome 1H close to HvBlp, the cloned gene controlling black lemma. Four MTAs were identified for seedling stem rust resistance, including 2 novel loci on chromosomes 1H and 6H and one co-locating to the complex RMRL1-RMRL2 locus on 5H. The whole-genome sequence data described herein will facilitate the identification and utilization of new alleles for barley improvement.To exploit allelic variation in Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum, the Wild Barley Diversity Collection was subjected to paired-end Illumina sequencing at ∼9 × depth and evaluated for several agronomic traits. We discovered 240.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after alignment to the Morex V3 assembly and 24.4 million short (1 to 50 bp) insertions and deletions. A genome-wide association study of lemma color identified one marker-trait association (MTA) on chromosome 1H close to HvBlp, the cloned gene controlling black lemma. Four MTAs were identified for seedling stem rust resistance, including 2 novel loci on chromosomes 1H and 6H and one co-locating to the complex RMRL1-RMRL2 locus on 5H. The whole-genome sequence data described herein will facilitate the identification and utilization of new alleles for barley improvement
Contrasting effects of deadwood and gaps on the trophic structure of forest soil microarthropods
Full text linkUnderstanding the mechanisms driving forest biodiversity is challenging, especially in soil. Trophic niche is the most important perspective to understand how biodiversity changes with disturbances. Deadwood input and gap formation are major disturbances resulting from tree mortality. Both alter the ecological niches of forest organisms, yet their individual and interactive effects on soil animals remain unclear. Trophic diversity, that is the area of trophic niches occupied by organisms, links to the resource processing within food webs and, consequently, to ecosystem functions. Changes in trophic diversity of Collembola communities may result both from changes in species composition and from trophic shifts of individual species. To investigate how the trophic structure of soil fauna responds to forest disturbances, we examined trophic niches of Collembola across three regions in Germany, as influenced by deadwood addition and gap formation using stable isotope analysis (13C, 15N). Changes in the trophic structure of Collembola associated with deadwood addition and gap formation were distinct and independent. Deadwood addition resulted in higher trophic level (Δ15N values) and greater trophic diversity of Collembola communities. These shifts were likely driven by increased habitat heterogeneity resulting in higher trophic differentiation (rather than higher species richness) of Collembola communities. The results highlight the importance of habitat structure in driving soil animal functional diversity. By contrast, gap formation promoted the growth of understorey plants, leading to increased use of plant-derived resources (lower Δ13C values) by Collembola. Further, gap formation reduced the trophic diversity of euedaphic (soil dwelling) Collembola pointing to trophic homogenisation, likely driven by increased use of root-derived resources from understorey plants, and this also was accompanied by higher biomass of euedaphic Collembola in forest gaps. Overall, our findings highlight that deadwood addition and gap formation affect the trophic structure of detritivore communities in an independent way, with deadwood enhancing habitat heterogeneity and trophic differentiation, while gap formation resulting in trophic homogenisation and increased resource supply to euedaphic Collembola. Thereby, deadwood addition and gap formation complement each other in affecting the trophic structure of detritivore soil animals and thereby their functioning
Maize straw-driven phosphorus mobilization in two alkaline soils: Microbial community shifts and agronomic implications
No full textStraw incorporation enhances soil fertility; however, a clear gap remains regarding how varying rates of maize straw incorporation simultaneously influence P mobilization and the dynamics of P-solubilizing bacterial communities in alkaline soils. Therefore, a pot trial was conducted to examine the impacts of 1 % and 2 % maize straw (MS) application on soil P availability, bacterial community composition, and uptake by wheat crops in an irrigation (XA) and industrial (XI) alkaline polluted soils. The study findings demonstrated that incorporating 2 % MS considerably (P < 0.05) increased soil P availability in both soil types, rising from 21.91 to 22.91 mg kg−1 in XIM-2 % and from 25.15 to 34.73 mg kg−1 in XAM-2 %. The 2 % MS application promoted the proliferation of key P-solubilizing bacterial groups, specifically Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Arthrobacter and Bacillus in both soils, indicating strong microbial shifts associated with MS decomposition. These shifts in bacterial consortium were associated with increased production of dissolved organic carbon and pH fluctuations, facilitating P solubilization. This, therefore, enhanced grain P uptake in XIM-2 % (169.42 mg kg−1) and XAM-2 % (338.82 mg kg−1), suggesting that 2 % MS application can effectively promote bacterial functions to improve P transformation and its uptake by wheat grains. These chemical and bacterial improvements produced clear agronomic gains, with the 2 MS% amendments enhancing wheat yield components compared with the control. The ranking of different MS application rates using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method (XIM-2 % = 1.00; XAM-2 % = 1.00) reinforced that 2 % MS is the optimal application rate for augmenting the bioavailability of P in these soil systems. These offer an important perspective for the emergence of viable residue management practices to optimize P availability and enhance soil fertility in alkaline agricultural systems
Performance and characterization of Sol-Gel-Derived Cornhusk Support for Low-Temperature Catalytic Methane Combustion
No full textErfolgreiche Demonstration des einjährigen Messprogramms gemäß § 3 (5) der 1. BImSchV mit Laub-Holz-Pellets als "sonstiger nachwachsender Rohstoff“
No full textNon-targeted analysis of lipophilic and hydrophilic metabolites to distinguish between fresh and frozen-thawed fish of certain fish species using comprehensive 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis
No full textThis dataset is the basis for a publication regarding the differentiation of fresh and frozen-thawed fish via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-025-04978-6). Food fraud along the production chain is a well-known issue that requires an effective authenticity control. For the differentiation of fresh and frozen-thawed fish, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy based methods in combination with multivariate data analysis have proven to be suitable in principle. Here, from a total of 317 samples (cod, rainbow trout, mackerel; fresh and frozen-thawed), the lipid and polar fractions of the fish flesh were analyzed, and classification models based on a principal components analysis with linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) including cross-validation were generated. Additionally, data fusions were carried out. The obtained average accuracies of > 90% (94.0% based on the lipid fraction, 92.8% based on the polar fraction) and > 95% (95.6% based on a low-level data fusion, 95.5% based on a mid-level data fusion) demonstrated a promising differentiation. Further examinations confirmed that the non-targeted analysis appears to be mandatory as no marker substances were indicated in the loadings plots of the models. To evaluate whether the generated classification models are suitable to be used in a broader manner, they were applied to 13 fresh and 13 frozen-thawed samples from twelve other common edible fish species in a preliminary study. The classification model based on the low-level data fusion gave the best results (84.6% of all 26 samples correctly predicted). Thus, although these models are very suitable for analyzing cod, rainbow trout, or mackerel for a classification as fresh or frozen-thawed, they cannot generally be applied to samples of other fish species. Datasets containing NMR spectra of samples from the classification models and of samples from other fish species are provided, as well as relevant metadata
Potential climate warming effects on the distribution of an invasive alien pest species
Full text linkClimate warming can be a powerful driver for the establishment and further spread of alien species by lowering the abiotic resistance of native ecosystems and supporting invaders. One pivotal outcome of climate warming is more frequent heat waves in summer in temperate regions. Here, we combined heat-stress experiments (development, fecundity) and incidence data of the spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, from two Austrian vine-growing areas differing in their regional climate (Illyrian vs. Pannonian climate). We used corresponding climatic data (ice and hot days) and landscape elements (forests) to evaluate whether regional-specific climate warming effects influence the distribution of SWD. Laboratory results showed that SWD is a heat-sensitive species, with negligible survival under moderate and extreme heat waves. Under field conditions, the incidence of SWD in Austrian vineyards and the availability of surrounding forests were higher in the Illyrian than in the Pannonian climate zone. Climate warming resulted in fewer ice days in both climate zones, but the frequency of hot days has increased more strongly in the Pannonian zone over the last few decades. We conclude that forested areas near vineyards can serve as refugia both in winter and during hot summer periods. Consequently, the lower incidence of SWD in the Pannonian zone correlates with hotter summers due to climate warming and limited access to nearby forested areas. These findings highlight the urgent need for regionally tailored pest management strategies that account for the complex interplay among climate extremes, landscape features and invasive species dynamics
Phytotoxicity of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis A. St-Hil. leaves on Lolium multiflorum Lam.
No full textLolium multiflorum Lam. (ryegrass, or azevém in Portuguese) is a grass used as forage and cover crop in vineyards of the southern region of Brazil. However, it has become invasive, with some biotypes identified as resistant to glyphosate. Its control is performed with herbicides, prior to flowering. Aside from plant resistance and damage to the ecosystem and to the population’s health, these herbicides might cause lesions to plant tissues, and change photosynthesis and fruit maturation, as already observed in vineyards. Due to the presence of bioactive substances with phytotoxic activity, extracts of native plants might be exploited to develop natural products with herbicidal activity. The present study evaluated the effects of aqueous extracts by decoction and infusion of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. leaves on germination, seedling formation, growth, and on the chlorophyll and tissues of adult L. multiflorum plants. In vitro bioassays were performed at the concentrations of 0% (control - only purified water), 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, comprised of five replicates of 20 L. multiflorum caryopses. Germination percentage, average germination time, average seedling formation time, average seedling length, and dry mass were calculated. Adult L. multiflorum plants were submitted to treatments using extracts by decoction in the concentration of 3% and 5% (and control - only purified water), and chlorophyll content, dry mass, and anatomical cuts were evaluated. Chemical compounds present in the extracts were identified through High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were submitted to a unidirectional analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a polynomial regression analysis (p < 0.05). Both extracts showed phytotoxic activity, yet the decoction extract had higher phytotoxicity, especially at the concentrations of 1% and 2%, reducing germination percentage and speed, as well as seedling formation and growth. Damage was lower in adult plants, although there was rupture of epidermal cells and chlorophyll parenchyma, as well as plasmolysis at 3 and 6% of the extract. The chemical profile of I. paraguariensis is consistent with the biological activity observed. The hypothesis that the aqueous extract by decoction of I. paraguariensis leaves has potential to develop a natural product with herbicidal activity against L. multiflorum, to be used in vineyards, was confirmed. However, further studies are required to evaluate extract application methodology, individual action of each compound present, and their action mechanisms