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Evaluation of Ethanolic Extract of Red Seaweed(Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis) on Growth and Haematological Parameters of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)
No full textABSTRACT Seaweed is multicellular marine macroalgae that enhances the immunity of aquatic organisms. The study was designed to assess the ethanolic extract (EtOH) extracted from red seaweed ( Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis ) on Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) to evaluate growth, immunity and haematological parameters. The EtOH was applied with fish feed in four treatments such as T1‐control (0% EtOH), T2 (5% w/v EtOH), T3 (10% w/v EtOH) and T4 (15% w/v EtOH) each with three replicates. The initial average weight of the fish was 17.53 ± 2.1 g. Results showed that the growth increased gradually with the percentage of red seaweed extract, whereas the mean weight gain was found significantly higher in T4 (51.5 ± 4.2) than in the control. The specific growth rate (%) and survival rate (%) were found higher in T4 at the lowest FCR compared to other treatments ( p 0.05). The blood parameters, refractive index (RI) and spleen somatic index (SSI) were significantly different among the treatments. The RI of blood plasma and SSI were found to be better in T4 treatment. The research indicated that red seaweed extracts significantly enhanced the growth and boosted the immunity level of Nile tilapia.This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST), Government of the Republic of Bangladesh, via Project SRG‐221325
Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings
No full textThe increasing prevalence of drought events poses a major challenge for upcoming crop production. Melatonin is a tiny indolic tonic substance with fascinating regulatory functions in plants. While plants can respond in several ways to alleviate drought stress, the processes underpinning stress sensing and signaling are poorly understood. Hereafter, the objectives of this investigation were to explore the putative functions of melatonin in the regulation of sugar metabolism and abscisic acid biosynthesis in drought-stressed tomato seedlings. Melatonin (100 μM) and/or water were foliar sprayed, followed by the plants being imposed to drought stress for 14 days. Drought stress significantly decreased biomass accumulation, inhibited photosynthetic activity, and stimulated senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression. Melatonin treatment effectively reversed drought-induced growth retardation as evidenced by increased leaf pigment and water balance and restricted abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. Sugar accumulation, particularly sucrose content, was higher in drought-imposed seedlings, possibly owing to higher transcription levels of sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnKR2.2) and ABA-responsive element binding factors 2 (AREB2). Melatonin addition further uplifted the sucrose content, which coincided with increased activity of sucrose synthase (SS, 130%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) and α-amylase (AMY, 59%) activity and upregulated their encoding BAM1(10.3 folds) and AMY3 (8.1 folds) genes expression at day 14 relative to the control. Under water deficit conditions, melatonin supplementation decreased the ABA content (24%) and its biosynthesis gene expressions. Additionally, sugar transporter subfamily genes SUT1 and SUT4 expression were upregulated by the addition of melatonin. Collectively, our findings illustrate that melatonin enhances drought tolerance in tomato seedlings by stimulating sugar metabolism and negatively regulating ABA synthesis
Diversity, Abundance, and Seasonal Variation of Aquatic Macrophytes in Southeastern Bangladesh
No full textThe study was conducted to assess the diversity and abundance of aquatic macrophytes in the
southeastern region of Bangladesh, encompassing the Noakhali, Cumilla, and Chandpur districts.
The study was carried out over the period of July 2022 to June 2023. This research utilized a
mixed-methods approach, incorporating observation of the study area, qualitative interviews, and
quantitative surveys. Five types of aquatic macrophytes, 47 species from 18 orders and 25
families were identified. These are free-floating, rooted-floating, emergent, submerged, and
marginal. Among the three locations, Noakhali was recorded as the highest with 44 species,
followed by Cumilla with 43, and Chandpur with 35. In Noakhali, seasonal variation analysis
showed that 39% of species were found in the rainy season, 14% in summer, 14% in winter, and
20% year-round. In Cumilla, 35% of aquatic macrophytes were available in the rainy season, and
14%, 12%, and 5% in winter, spring, and autumn, respectively. In Chandpur, 37% of aquatic
macrophytes were prevalent in the rainy season, 26% were found year-round, 9% in winter, 14% in
summer, and 6% each in spring and autumn. In Noakhali, 44% of macrophytes were frequent,
33% moderate, and 23% rare. In Cumilla, 49% were frequent, 44% moderate, and 14% rare.
Chandpur reported 49% frequent, 31% moderate, and 20% rare species. The order Alismatales
emerged as the dominant order comparatively across all locations. This research will provide
insights into the biodiversity of aquatic macrophytes in this area, thus supporting effective
management strategies
From stress to resilience: Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of cadmium toxicity, detoxification and tolerance in plants
No full textSoil contamination with cadmium (Cd) has become a global issue due to increasing human activities. Cd contamination poses threats to plant growth as well as jeopardizing food safety and human health through the accumulation of Cd in edible parts of plants. Unraveling the Cd toxicity mechanisms and responses of plants to Cd stress is critical for promoting plant growth and ensuring food safety in Cd-contaminated soils. Toxicological research on plant responses to heavy metal stress has extensively studied Cd, as it can disrupt multiple physiological processes. In addition to morpho-anatomical, hormonal, and biochemical responses, plants rapidly initiate transcriptional modifications to combat Cd stress-induced oxidative and genotoxic damage. Various families of transcription factors play crucial roles in triggering such responses. Moreover, epigenetic modifications have been identified as essential players in maintaining plant genome stability under genotoxic stress. Plants have developed several detoxification strategies to mitigate Cd-induced toxicity, such as cell-wall binding, complexation, vacuolar sequestration, efflux, and translocation. This review provides a comprehensive update on understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in Cd uptake, transportation, and detoxification, with a particular emphasis on the signaling pathways that involve transcriptional and epigenetic responses in plants. This review highlights the innovative strategies for enhancing Cd tolerance and explores their potential application in various crops. Furthermore, this review offers strategies for increasing Cd tolerance and limiting Cd bioavailability in edible parts of plants, thereby improving the safety of food crops
Optimizing raised bed dimensions for enhanced maize yield, water footprint reduction, and improved soil moisture dynamics under furrow irrigation
No full textAbstract. Islam MT, BhuyanMY, DasN, JahanN,RahmanMM, JewelMAH, Adham AKM.2024. Optimizing raised bed dimensions for enhanced maize yield, water footprint reduction, and improved soil moisture dynamics under furrow irrigation.Asian J Agric 8:10-22.Effective water management is crucial for sustainable agriculture, especially in regions facing water scarcity. This study examinesthe impact of different Raised Bed (RB)dimensions on maize (Zea maysL.) yield, Water Footprint (WF), and soil water content under furrow irrigation, with a focus on water conservation. The experiment, conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University,Bangladesh,utilized a randomized complete block design featuring four irrigation treatments: the Conventional Method (CM)and three RB configurations with widths of 25 cm, 65 cm, and 110 cm.The RB65 treatment significantly improved maize yield, achieving 13.1±1.4 t/ha compared to 9.89±1.11 t/ha with CM. Additionally, RB65 peaked in water productivity, reducing irrigation water use by 37.72%, highlighting its potential for water conservation. Soil moisture retention was consistently higher across all RB treatments, with RB65 showing the greatest retention at depths up to 80 cm. It also recorded the lowest green WF (88.6±10.07l/kg) and blue WF (12.63±1.43 l/kg), resulting in the lowest total WF (101.22±11.50 l/kg). These findings suggest that RB systems, particularly the 65 cm configuration, optimize water usage and enhance maize productivity, making it a viable strategy for resource management in water-limited areas. The study recommends adopting the RB65 configuration to maximize water efficiency and crop yields, contributing to food security and sustainable agricultural practices. However, these results are based on specificgeographical and climatic conditions, limiting their generalizability to other regions or crops. Future research should explore long-term studies across diverse agro-ecological zones and examine various crops to validate the broader utility of the RB65 configuration
Incidence and management of dystocia of dairy cows in Manoharganj upazila of Cumilla district, Bangladesh
No full textEvery year, thousands of cows and calves die during parturition for poor parturition managements, and insufficient veterinary services. A total of 83 cases of dystocia were the subject of a retrospective investigation between January 2021 and December 2023 to determine the incidence of dystocia in dairy cows in Manoharganj upazila of Cumilla district, Bangladesh. The study revealed that local breed cows had a higher prevalence of dystocia (53.01%) than cross-breed cows (46.99%). Also, younger cows had a higher incidence of dystocia (71.08%) than older cows. Primiparous heifers showed a higher incidence of dystocia (69.88%) than pluriparous cows (30.12%). In addition, compared with naturally inseminated cows (9.64%), artificially inseminated dairy cows had a higher dystocia rate (90.36%). The occurrence of dystocia was found to occur more frequently in fetal causes (65.06%) than in maternal causes (34.94%). Among maternal causes, incomplete cervix dilation was the most common (18.07%), while fetal head deviation was the most frequent fetal cause (27.71%). Fetal oversize, carpal flexion, shoulder flexion, fetal dropsy, twin calves, uterine torsion, and uterine inertia were other low-incidence causes of dystocia. The most common method of managing dystocia was manual correction (91.57%), followed by fetotomy (4.82%), and C-section (3.61%). After dystocia treatment, 96.25% of dams survived, and 3.75% of cases resulted in dam deaths; fetal death occurred in 32.5% of cases, while the fetal survival rate was 67.5%. Therefore, this study suggest that when using artificial insemination, it is best to consider the breed of the dam and sire
Characterization Of Some Brassica Rapa And Their F1 Genotypes For Morphological Traits
No full textThe study was conducted in the research field of Sher-e Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from November 2020 to February 2021 to characterize seven Brassica rapa and their 42 F1 genotypes for morphological traits. Most of the F1s showed intermediate characteristics between their parents for leaf, flower and pod characters. The parent, Brown Special matured within the shortest time (80.66 days) with moderate yield (5.88g plant-1). All the F1s had higher yield potential than their parents, except BARI Sharisha-15×BARI Sharisha -14 and BARI Sharisha-15×BARI Sharisha-17. The F1 (Tori-7×Brown Special) matured within the shortest time (80.00 days) with yield of 13.24g plant-1. The F1s (Brown Special×BARI Sharisha-14), (Yellow Special×Brown Special), (BARI Sharisha-14×Tori-7), (Brown Special×BARI Sharisha-15) matured in 82.00, 83.00, 83.00 and 85.00 days, respectively with yield 11.59, 15.79, 13.27 and 26.02 g plant-1, respectively. While the F1s, (BARI Sharisha-15×Brown Special) and (Tori-7×Yellow Special) matured in late, 92.88 and 96.00 days, respectively, but had very high yield potential of 22.34 and 27.67 g plant-1, respectively. Therefore, these genotypes possessed excellent potential for use in future trial
Microorganisms in the Dairy Industry
No full textThe dairy industry is crucial for human nutrition, producing a variety of products essential for health and well-being. However, the quality and safety of milk and dairy products are influenced by microorganisms like coliforms, psychrotrophic, thermoduric, and thermophilic bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Lactic acid bacteria and probiotics play a vital role in the transformation and preservation of dairy products, shaping their sensory attributes and shelf life. However, spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms pose significant challenges to the industry, undermining product quality and consumer health. These challenges include biological, chemical, allergenic, and physical hazards. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of microorganisms in milk and dairy products, including their sources, occurrence, significance in public health, and the global risk of antimicrobial resistance linked to the dairy supply chain. A detailed discussion on probiotics, yeasts, fungi, and mycotoxins was also included in the chapter. A significant portion is dedicated to elucidating the methods and technologies employed for the detection of the quality of raw milk and the identification of pathogens. It also explores the issue of biofilm formation in dairy products and its control and importance in dairy industry and food safety. Addressing these challenges and implementing strategies for control measures, food safety, and public awareness is essential
Effect of Potassium and Gibberellic Acid on Some Growth Parameters and Yield of Okra
No full textThe experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during April to August 2015. BARI Dherosh-1 was used in this experiment. The experiment consisted of two factors viz., Potassium fertilizer as K0: 0 kg K2O/ha (control), K1: 60 kg K2O/ha, K2: 90 kgK2O/ha and K3: 120 kg K2O/ha; and Gibberellic acid (3 levels) as G0: 0 ppm GA3 (control) G1: 60 ppm GA3, G2: 90 ppm GA3 respectively. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. All the parameters were significantly influenced by different levels of potassium and gibberellic acid. Due to the effect of potassium, the highest yield (19.04 t/ha) was observed from K3 and the lowest yield (12.11 t/ha) from K0. In case of Gibberellic acid, the highest yield (17.08t/ha) was found from G2 and the lowest yield (16.01 t/ha) from G0. From growth, yield and economic point of view, it is apparent that the application of 120 kg K2O/ha with 90 ppm GA3 was the best for growth and yield of okra
Optimizing Wheat Growth and Yield: The Synergistic Effects of Nitrogen and Silicon Levels
No full textEnhancing wheat production is essential to meet global food security needs, especially in sustainable agriculture. Among nutrient management practices, Nitrogen (N) and Silicon (Si) are known to improve growth and stress resilience in crops. However, while the individual effects of N and Si on crop performance are well-documented, limited research has explored their combined influence on wheat growth and yield. This study aimed to address this gap by evaluating the synergistic effects of N and Si fertilizer levels on wheat agronomic performance. A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from November 2022 to March 2023. The experiment utilized wheat variety BWMRI 3 in a two-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments consisted of four N levels (0, 80, 120, and 160 kg N ha-1) and four Si levels (0, 100, 150, and 200 kg Si ha-1). Statistical analyses using R programming revealed that the combination of 120 kg N ha-1 and 150 kg Si ha-1 (N2:S2) resulted in the highest growth and yield performance, including a 48.32% increase in tiller number, 33.63% improvement in effective spikelets, 12.97% increase in 1000-grain weight, 34.54% rise in grain yield, and a 15.88% increase in biological yield compared to the control (without N and Si). The findings indicate that the combined application of 120 kg N ha-1 and 150 kg Si ha-1 significantly enhanced wheat growth and yield, suggesting that integrating these nutrient management practices is an effective strategy for optimizing wheat production, ultimately contributing to both higher yields and sustainable agriculture