Repositorium of Institute of International Politics and Economics
Not a member yet
1516 research outputs found
Sort by
Azerbaijan’s Foreign Policy Positioning towards Russia and its Impact on the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: A Hedging Strategy
Get PDFA theoretical framework rooted in hedging is used to analyse how
Azerbaijan’s foreign policy towards Russia evolved and its
significant impact on the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Azerbaijan’s foreign policy positioning, viewed through this prism,
illustrates how smaller states can strategically manage relations
with larger neighbours and competitors and achieve their
interests. The primary hypothesis is that the calculated foreign
policy of Azerbaijan’s strategy towards Russia, based on the
abovementioned strategy, created the conditions for the Second
Nagorno-Karabakh War and decisively influenced its course and
outcome. Researchers use document analysis and discourse
analysis to assess the evolution of Azerbaijan’s foreign policy
towards Russia, analysing their bilateral relations based primarily
on political, economic, and societal cooperation. This approach
relies on various academic sources, including scientific articles,
books, documents, agreements, and statements by different state
actors, to assess the evolution of Azerbaijan’s foreign policy
towards Russia, analysing their bilateral relations based primarily
on political, economic, and societal cooperation. In this foreign
policy context, the article also assesses the significance of Turkey’s
strategic support for Azerbaijan and the strengthening of its
military capacities. The research findings indicate that Baku,
deviating from previous unilateral decisions, skillfully balanced its
relations with Moscow. Azerbaijan’s foreign policy manoeuvring,
which implies careful avoidance of provoking Russia, significantly
impacted the outbreak, course, and outcome of the Second
Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
Police Organization in the Netherlands
Get PDFThe organization of the police in the Netherlands has undergone significant changes over the past half a century. Competent institutions were looking for the best solution that would enable more efficient organization and work of the police. A good aspect of these transformations is the adaptation of the police organization to changes in society, as well as to new threats to the safety of citizens. The most important aspect is the adaptation of the functioning of the police to the needs of citizens, that is, the development of its organization in the direction of shaping the police as a service that should serve citizens. In the Netherlands, the authority over the police is divided between several state entities, which speaks of the democracy of the political system in this country. In terms of democracy, the participation of local government representatives in the functioning of the police and in making de-cisions about its management should also be emphasized. Local authorities, knowing the best needs of their citizens, can directly influence the work of the police in a way that will best suit the needs of the citizens. The participation of local authorities in their work is also important for the police, because they can easily gain insight into the daily needs of citizens and potential security threats that exist at the local level. Contact with local authorities, that is, citizens, brings another advantage for the police, which is the possibility of more effective preventive action, which strengthens security and eliminates potential dangers at the very start. The division of responsibilities over the police and the participation of local authorities in the functioning of the police also achieves effective control over the implementation of police responsibilities, which prevents or significantly complicates potential abuses. Consequently, citizens are protected from the appearance of arbitrariness and they exercise control over the police indirectly through democratically elected authorities. From the aspect of control, it is also important that the local authorities participate in the work of the police, because they are the closest to the citizens. It is a significant fact that unnecessary costs are avoided in the work of the police, and the money saved is directed to the training of police officers and the purchase of new equipment. This avoids spending funds on the existence of parts of the system that do not contribute to more efficient police work, but only burden the budget intended for the police. As we saw in the text, the police organization in the Netherlands is divided into regions, which brings with it certain advantages. For example, it enables the adaptation of police work to the needs that differ from region to region. The way of functioning and the number of police officers is adapted to each region, because a different number of citizens live in each region. In addition to the regional police, the existence and functioning of the KLPD has an important place. This ensures the functioning of the police in the Netherlands as a whole, because otherwise there would be a danger that each of the regional police forces would start functioning independently, without paying attention to the common interests of all citizens in the area of security. In addition, without a central police organization, it could happen that the jobs of the regional police forces overlap, which would reduce the efficiency of police work and in-crease unnecessary costs. By exercising jurisdiction in safety regions, the organization of the police in the Netherlands has demonstrated a willingness to act in situations that have a wider scope, as well as the ability to act effectively at a level that is higher than the local level. Since safety regions are not political regions, but rather regions established to respond to emergency situations, regional police forces in the Netherlands are prepared to act in situations involving activities that differ significantly from their regular activities. It is another indicator that after effective reforms, the police organization is well thought out and set up. It can be concluded that the organization of the police in the Netherlands has a modern character, because it has characteristics that are present in democratic societies. One of the examples is adaptation to the existing decentralization, which is a sign that it is a democratically founded institution
Western Balkans and Ukrainian Crisis 2014–2024
Get PDFThe paper explores the changes that have occurred in the foreign,
security, and defense policies and capabilities of Croatia and Serbia, as the
two most important states for the Western Balkans stability in the context
of the ten-year ukrainian crisis and changing international relations and
order toward the more conflictual one. These changes were significantly
expressed at the beginning of the ukrainian crisis in 2014, with Crimea
joining the russian Federation, strengthened in 2022 with the russian
military intervention, and still ongoing with the greater polarization between
the eu and NATo on the one side, russia on the other, and with the
significant role of rising powers like China and India on the third. The
authors claim that the ukrainian crisis reflected the global trends on the
regional level thus bringing more polarization, prospect for conflictual
relations, and militarisation instead of immersion of the whole region into
the Western structures on the geopolitical grounds. The analysis of the
policies and comparison of the cases of Croatia and Serbia are conducted
according to three variables: 1. narratives on the Crimean crisis in 2014 and
russian intervention in ukraine in 2022, 2. measures taken regarding russia
and ukraine, 3. changes of their capabilities. The authors conclude that with
the ongoing conflict in ukraine, the potential for new crises in the Balkans
rises. Countries’ narratives, especially that of Croatia which constantly
victimizes itself, create new mistrust and distance between the two countries
and peoples, Croatian eu membership which is constantly highlighted
against the Serbian lack of harmonization with the eu foreign and security
policy further distances Serbia from the eu, and improvements in defense
capabilities, conducted on the various grounds and with opposing actors
triggers the arms race, thus complicating the mutual relations of the Western Balkan countries and slowing down the prospects for european integration
instead of fostering them on geopolitical grounds
Jagma za Podsaharsku Afriku u XX i XXI veku
No full textPercepcija Zapada o Africi prepuna je stereotipa i zabluda. U
novembru 2010. godine „Ekonomist“ (The Economist) je napravio pravu
senzaciju objavivši analizu grafičkog gurua Kaja Krauzea (Kai Krause)
koji je prikazao pravu veličinu afričkog kontinenta, do tada
kartografski zamagljenu. Naime, afrički kontinent je veličine Kine,
Indije, SAD, Istočne i Zapadne Evrope zajedno!
Afrika ostaje
kontinent gde najmanje toga biva zabeleženo. Samim tim, za
evrocentrično društvo, predkolonijalna istorija Afrike je nebitna.
Ignorisanju Afrikanaca doprinosi i činjenica da je „evropska ideja
Afrike“ vezana za prirodne pejzaže i bogatu floru i faunu. Tačnije,
Afrika se doživljava onako kako je prikazana u dokumentarnom serijalu
„Opstanak“, ili nekom drugom serijalu National Geografic Chanal-a. U
skladu s tim shvatanjem, stanovnici Afrike trebalo bi da se uklope u
tu „autentičnu Afriku“. Afrika je nešto što bi trebalo definisati,
istražiti, iscrtati, eksploatisati i zatim prevazići. Skupocenim
safari-turističkim aranžmanima održava se stereotip da svaka kuća
koja nije od blata i trske, kao i ljudi koji ne hodaju polugoli i bosi u
potrazi za antilopama, prosto ne čine „pravu“ Afriku (Ćirjaković 2013,
31–34). Kada svetski mediji izveštavaju o Africi, oni nikad zapravo
ne govore o Africi, već uvek o krizi i propasti društva u Africi.
Svetska javnost u potpunosti sagledava stvari iz narativa Džozefa
Konrada (Joseph Conrad) koji Afriku predstavlja kao „srce tame“; ili pak u svetlu onog drugog kvazi-pokajničkog narativa Tonija Blera (Tony
Blair) koji kaže da je Afrika „ožiljak svetske savesti.“ Kao nekada
Orijent (ili možda bolje reći još uvek), Zapadno društvo sada
doživljava i Afriku kao antonim sebe samog (Ferguson 2006, 2). Evropa
Afriku doživljava kao sopstvenu „drugost“ ‒ suprotnost na osnovu koje
Evropa potvrđuje svoj samozamišljeni identitet.
U ovakvoj konstalaciji i pojam pleme dobija pežorativno značenje,
iako je pleme kao pojam potpuno vrednosno neutralno. Reč pleme sugeriše
da je reč o varvarima, inferiornim ljudima koji su zaostali na lestvici
civilizacije ‒ u Evropi žive narodi, dok u Africi žive plemena koja
predstavljaju „poslednji bastion praistorije“ (Ćirjaković 2013, 39).
Zamagljuje se činjenica da bar sedamnaest podsaharskih plemena ima
više pripadnika nego što na primer Srbija ima stanovnika.
Negativne konotacije o Africi imaju mnogo značajnije posledice od
puke političke nekorektnosti; one, naime, obeshrabruju investicije
(osim investicija multinacionalnih kompanija koje su eksploatatorskog
karaktera) i masovni turizam koji može biti izvor ogromnog deviznog
priliva. Svakako da je u nekim zemljama Podsaharske Afrike okruženje
nestabilno i opasno, ali odbijanjem da se prihvati različitost država
i negativnom generalizacijom, nanosi se ogromna šteta regionu
(Ferguson 2006, 7).Jedino „pozitivno“ što Zapadna javnost opaža, vezano
za Afriku, jeste to što se ona sagledava kao izvor nove jeftine radne
snage i novo tržište za hiperpotrošačko društvo
Advantages of Digital Marketing in the World of Digital Games
Get PDFThe digital gaming industry, apart from being extremely powerful, also gathers a multi-million
audience of gamers. With gamers playing digital games with the help of gaming consoles, computers and
smartphones, and spending most of their time in the virtual space, it is certainly best to communicate in
their digital environment. In order for companies to reach this target market, to achieve an emotional
connection with consumers, and advertise their products, it is advised to use digital marketing strategies,
such as social media marketing, content marketing, video marketing, search engine optimization (SEO),
and influencer marketing. In this way, they can inspire adequate and positive electronic word-of-mouth
(eWOM), as well. In this paper, the authors, by analyzing the attitudes of 159 respondents, tried to bring
this current topic closer to experts in the field of digital games, in order to point out to them all the benefits
that digital marketing in this industry can achieve. The aim of this study is to indicate that if digital
marketing strategies are adapted to the target market (namely gamers), there is a high probability that
companies will influence consumer purchasing decisions, create a large base of loyal consumers, achieve
a competitive advantage in the market and generate profits that traditional marketing methods, in this
case, would not be able to contribute
Indo-Pacifik: arena sukoba za globalno liderstvo
No full textIndo-Pacifik je postao stožerni region svetske politike,
a kontrola nad njim indikator globalnog liderstva. Ovaj region je i
ranije bio značajan u geostrateškom kontekstu, kako u Drugom svetskom
ratu tako i tokom Hladnog rata. Kisindžer je učinio „genijalan“ potez
pridobivši Kinu za saradnju i odvajanje od sovjetskog uticaja, čime je
obezbedio ključan uticaj SAD-a u ovom regionu. Indo-Pacifik se od
tada smatra stabilnim i takvo stanje je održano i tokom otvaranja Kine
prema svetu i njenog ekonomskog jačanja, sve do odluke Pekinga da „uđe u
neomahanovski svet“. Ova odluka je navela talasokratske SAD da se
orijentišu na suzbijanje prevashodno pomorske moći Kine. Slično je
učinila i Britanija kada je Kajzerova Nemačka pokrenula ambiciozan
plan jačanja pomorskih kapaciteta, što je dovelo do izbijanja Prvog
svetskog rata. Ovo je najgori mogući scenario razvoja strateške
situacije u Indo-Pacifiku, koga je i najavio Džon Miršajmer.
Međutim, osnovna hipoteza rada je da do direktnog sukoba između Kine
i SAD najverovatnije neće doći, već će se sukob zadržati na
sveobuhvatnom odvraćanju, projekciji vojne moći i lokalnim krizama
(„proksi“ ratovima)
Šahovska igra moći: Korejsko poluostrvo i potencijal za eskalaciju
No full textRad istražuje potencijale za eskalaciju sukoba na Korejskom
poluostrvu uz realističke teorijske postavke bazirane na racionalizmu
aktera međunarodnih odnosa. Ključna varijabla nadmetanja na Korejskom
poluostrvu jeste nuklearno oružje, koje Severna Koreja već poseduje, dok
južni sused sve intenzivnije i otvorenije naginje stvaranju sopstvenog
nuklearnog arsenala. Preplitanje američkog i kineskog spoljnog
uticaja, uz pokušaje vođenja autonomne politike obe Koreje i stalne
napetosti između njih, utiče na stvaranje atmosfere nalik opreznoj
šahovskoj igri moći aktera u regionu. Glavna hipoteza koja se dokazuje
glasi: Napetost odnosa između Severne i Južne Koreje neće dovesti do
direktnog oružanog sukoba zbog previsokih uloga, ali će intenzivirati
krizu i namere Južne Koreje da dođe do nuklearnog oružja. Severna
Koreja će nastaviti sa snažnom antiameričkom retorikom i promocijom
testiranja najnovijih tipova oružja, što će posledično dovesti do
regionalne trke u naoružanju sa nepoverljivim južnim susedom. Uloga
Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i Kine biće takva da zauzdavaju
iracionalne porive svojih korejskih saveznika i spreče eskalaciju
sukoba do nivoa direktnog rata. Takva strategija, iako sprečava ratnu
eskalaciju, ne garantuje da isti neće podgrevati krize i podržavati
„mlađu braću“ u međusobnom nadmetanju
From Non-Participation to “Shared Future” Vision — China’s Involvement in the United Nations
Get PDFChina has been one of the founding state parties of the United Nations
(UN), the biggest and most important international organisation since the end
of the Second World War. China is also one of the five permanent members of
the Security Council. The purpose of this paper is to give a historical overview
of China in the United Nations. This paper will address China’s involvement in
the UN establishment, its re-entry into the organisation, and its work within the
United Nations. As opposed to the previous decades, when China decided to
abstain from most of the UN business and act silently, China’s influence is rising.
Even so, China declared itself the leader of the Global South and promoted itself
as a world peace and stability builder. Its influence in the UN is viewed through
the rise of peacekeeping funding and sending personnel to peacekeeping
operations. It is also noticeable in the overall funding of the United Nations
since China is now the second-biggest donor after the United States of America.
The expected result of this paper is an overall picture of China in the United
Nations and a better understanding of its diplomacy and future goals, such as
a shared future vision and governance that China is pursuing
The significance of data privacy in the digital economy
Get PDFProtecting our identity, habits, health, interests, and everyday activities is known as data privacy. Data privacy
entails protecting personal data and making sure that people have authority over the collection, use, and sharing
of their data. Governments, organizations, and individuals are increasingly generating, collecting, and
processing personal data. Strong data privacy laws promote consumer confidence and encourage more people to
utilize digital tools, which can encourage competition, investment, and innovation in the digital economy. By
giving people control over their data and the freedom to engage with the digital world however they choose,
data privacy empowers people. Additionally, it helps prevent cybercrimes, including fraud, harassment, and
identity theft. Data availability is crucial for start-ups and new enterprises to create new products and services.
However, their capacity to compete with well-established market competitors may be disproportionately
impacted by overly onerous privacy restrictions. The digital economy depends heavily on user trust and
security. A key component of this trust is cybersecurity, which includes safeguards against intrusions, damage,
and unauthorized access to digital systems, networks, and data. Real-time cyber threat detection and response
are possible with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). These technologies are capable of
automatically implementing security measures and identifying possible security breaches by analysing patterns
and anomalies in data. Maintaining cybersecurity and privacy is crucial for encouraging digital inclusion and
safeguarding communities as the digital economy grows
Farm Economy in Serbia – Distribution Channels of Sustainable Products
Get PDFSustainable agricultural products are sophisticated because
they are directly related to the health of end users and have
a specific quality and yield. The market for these products
is specific and determined by various factors. This paper
analyses the placement of sustainable agricultural products
on small farms in the Serbian economy through multiple
sales channels. We organized a one-on-one meeting with
150 small and medium-sized farm owners and collected
data through a questionnaire. We then created a model
through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP method)
to evaluate the decision-making of small farmers about
placing products on the market. The results showed that
the quality of the products is crucial for small farmers, who
need to distribute them through local shops, retail chains,
and markets. In this way, we have opened space for future
analyses that can include regression models and assess
relationships between individual categories