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A Study of Calligraphies in “Syoryoshu” by Kukai
Get PDFKukai entered Tang (China) in 806 when the Emperor Tang Xianzong ruled. Receiving ascetic trainings, Kukai learnt and enriched his insights in calligraphy. The book Syoryoshu presented a part of it. Shoryoshu bears many of his poems and Vajirana philosophy as well as his study of calligraphy as fine arts. They are positioned as the beginning of academic study of the Art of Calligraphy. In his discussions presented in 805 and 807, the art of calligraphy and letters was associated with Confucianism, through which Kukai implicitly told Emperor Saga the idea of noblesse oblige with humble and modest language. With extremely cautious words, he preached his philosophy through the calligraphy as a superior to the emperor. He repeatedly positioned himself as a Buddhist monk to isolate himself from the civil world, whereby he successfully detached himself from political ties, and secured his liberty of speech. He used to be registered in the Daigakuryo (an institute to train the sons from aristocratic families to a bureaucrat), and he quit. He introduced the Tang art of calligraphies and gave lessons in the art of calligraphy, firmly standing on his position of a monk. To interpret this dual approach, emphases are placed on his basic viewpoint that the letters arecapable of moving and shaking people. It explains that his viewpoint on the letters led him to the conclusion that he could take a leading position and able to guide Emperor Saga in ruling the country with his unparalleled knowledge of letters.departmental bulletin pape
Identifying Judo Movements that Cause Apprehension and Pain after the Recovery from Knee Injuries：A Questionnaire Analysis
Get PDF柔道選手が膝損傷からの競技復帰後に不安感や痛みを呈する動作についての質問紙調査を実施した。高校または大学柔道部に所属し、過去に柔道による膝損傷のため医療機関を受診し、かつ1週間以上の稽古休止を経験した選手65例を対象とした。柔道選手が膝損傷からの競技復帰後に呈した膝への不安感や痛みについて質問紙で調査し、抽出した動作における回答の傾向と性別、体重階級、損傷部位、手術の有無、受傷からの期間との関連を検討した。膝損傷を経験した柔道選手の多くは、「怪我をした膝側に足払、小外刈をかけられる」動作において不安感を呈した。上記の動作と受傷からの期間との間に関連性を認め、受傷後6ヵ月以内の対象群は受傷後25ヵ月以上の対象群と比較して、不安感が「ある」と回答した対象の割合が有意に大きかった。Background: Judo athletes often continue having apprehension and/or pain to certain judo movements after they return to their previous activity level from knee injuries, which inversely affect the judo performance and increase the risk of re-injury. Objective: To demonstrate the situations that cause apprehension and/or pain in the judoka athletes who recovered from knee injuries and attended the regular practice routine Method: We used questionnaires to gather the information from 65 judo athletes who had experienced mild to severe knee injuries. The mean (±SD) age, body weight, and years of judo experience were 19.3±1.6y, 169.1±7.1cm, 79.5±19.5kg, 9.8±3.6y, respectively. Results: When being swept with ashi-harai or kosoto-gari and being forced to move their body toward the injured side, the number of participants who felt apprehension was significantly greater than the number of those who did not feel apprehension. Gender, body weight, injured site in knee, experience of surgical intervention, and duration from the injury were not significantly associated with the number of participants who had apprehension with the movements. Discussion: The increased knee valgus stress on the injured side may be associated with the feeling of apprehension that occurs in judo athletes. Conclusion：We demonstrated common judo movements that cause apprehension after the recovery from knee injuries.departmental bulletin pape
Possibility of Clinical Application for Rehabilitation by Coordination Model of Mono-articular and Bi-articular Muscles : Study for Squat motion
Get PDFMuscles involved in 2-dimensional movement of the hip and knee joints were categorized into 2 pairs of antagonistic mono-articular functional effective muscles (FEM) and, in the same joint, 1 pair of antagonistic bi-articular FEM. Observations of their functional movement by electromyography and robotic engineering techniques suggested that 360° output direction control is possible. At the ends of the four limbs, the torque on the joints due to the FEM was defined as the FEM strength (FEMS), and the output due to muscle power displayed a hexagonal distribution pattern both theoretically and experimentally. From this, we proposed a method to estimate, from the distribution of the output force, individual FEMS in subjects not bearing a load. In this study, we attempted to analyze, using a three dimension motion capture system, the squatting movements. The subjects were 15 healthy young adults (age: range 19-20 years, mean 19.4 years, male=8) with no history of orthopaedic disorders of their legs. All the subjects gave their informed consent to participate in the study. Kinematic data were obtained by monitoring trajectories of 25 reflective markers on their bodies using a MAC3D system (Motion Analysis Inc.), equipped with 8 cameras, at a sampling frequency of 120 Hz. Kinetic data were obtained using two force plates (ANIMA Inc.). The subjects performed 3 squats on the force plates. They were instructed to try to avoid inclining their trunk forward. Data were analyzed using an FEMS program and a coordination model of mono-articular and bi-articular muscles. With change in the axis of the subject's trunk and motion strategy, the output of the 3 pairs of muscles changed, and squat movements with various characteristic output patterns were observed. However, because forward inclination of the trunk was minimized, the output direction control often showed the approximated patterns. It is thought that by expressing it by the joint torque, presumed muscle activity at difficult limbs points can be determined from output direction control there.departmental bulletin pape
A Study on the Importance of Learning Objectives of Apparatus Gymnastics
Get PDFIn order to improve the quality of apparatus gymnastics lessons, we examined the importance of learning objectives by investigating the achievement of the objectives of fifth and sixth grade elementary school children. The objectives were "experience of enjoyment and fun of physical activity", "acquisition of motor skills", and "improvement of kinesthetic sensibilities." The main results were as follows. (1) The objectives of experiencing enjoyment and fun and acquiring motor skills are related to the improvement of school children's performance. (2) The objectives of improving kinesthetic sensibilities did not significantly encourage the performance of higher grade school children. (3) In conclusion, the results suggested that it was important to emphasize learning and acquiring skills as objectives of apparatus gymnastics lessons for higher-grade school children.departmental bulletin pape
Treatment of primary traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder
Get PDF肩関節(肩甲上腕関節)は,主に軟部組織や関節内陰圧により安定性を得ているために最も脱臼が多い関節で,その中で前方脱臼が98%を占める.外傷性肩関節前方脱臼の病態は,主に上腕骨頭から下関節上腕靱帯(Inferior glenohumeral ligament:IGHL),関節唇,関節窩縁等で構成される肩甲上腕関節の前下方の支持機構の損傷(Bankart lesion)である.初回外傷性肩関節前方脱臼の経過はBankart lesionの修復が最も影響し,整復後の固定やリハビリテーションの効果は議論が多いところである.そこで,スキー場でのスキーやスノーボード傷害で最も多い傷害の一つのレクレーションレベルのスキー・スノーボードによる外傷性肩関節前方脱臼の予後についてアンケート調査を行い,反復性脱臼に移行する要因について検討し,その治療法について考察した.初回外傷性肩関節前方脱臼128肩の再脱臼率は23.4%で,過去の報告と同様に年齢,固定期間が影響していた.受傷側の肩甲帯の活動性を抑制することで短期的には再脱臼現象を防ぐことが可能であり,愛護的な整復後の外旋位固定は自然治癒が期待出来る症例もある.しかしながら,若年アスリートや活動性の高い若年者では,初回外傷性肩関節前方脱臼の再脱臼率は高率で,競技の継続には手術療法が考慮される.手術療法の成績は安定しており,近年の鏡視下手術の発展で,より低侵襲で確実な修復術が可能となっていることから,適切な治療の選択が重要となる.The shoulder joint (glenohumeral) joint is the most common traumatic dislocation in the human body, account for 98 percent of the shoulder dislocation, because of the glenohumeral joint becomes stable by mainly soft tissue and intra-articular negative pressure. It is lesion of antero-inferior stabilizing mechanism of the glenohumeral joint which mainly consists of the humeral head and the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) and the labrum and the glenoid rim. As for the prognosis of primary traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder, repair of the Bankart lesion becomes the most relevant factor. The effect of immobilization after reduction and rehabilitation are a place with many arguments. Then, I performed the questionnaire of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder skiinng and snowboards injury in the ski area of most injury, then the factor which shifts to recurrent dislocation was examined and the treatment was considered. The recurrence rate of the primary traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder 128 shoulder was 23.4%, and age and the immobilization period had influenced like the past reports. It is possible to prevent a re-dislocation phenomenon in the short term by controlling the activity of the scapular girdle by the side of injury and the immobilization of external rotation after gently reduction also has a case which repair can expect. The highest recurrence rate is the younger athletes and high level activities of the primary traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder. A surgical operation is taken into consideration by continuation of a sport. The results of a surgical operation are stable, and an arthroscopic surgery progressed in recent years, suitable selection of treatment becomes important from things.departmental bulletin pape
