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An Analysis of Cognitive Images of an Athletic Trainer -2nd report-
Get PDF本研究はより良いAT教育の示唆を得るために，アスレティックトレーナー（以下，AT）を目指す学生が持つATのイメージについて調査した．学年ごとのATに対するイメージの違いを捉え，教育内容や量の学年ごとの違いがATのイメージに与える影響を確認する事を目的とした．対象はAT養成課程1～3年生149名であった．調査には質問紙を用い，ATに関する「知識・技術・態度・方法」の４つの大項目にそれぞれ3つの小項目を設け，それぞれの重要性の認識率を調査した．各項目に対する重要性の認識率を学年間で比較すると，「知識」「技術」は2，3年生に比べて1年生では有意に低い小項目が多かった．「態度」は学年ごとで差が無い小項目が多かった．「方法」は全ての小項目で学年が進むにつれて重要性の認識率が有意に高くなることが確認された．学年によってAT教育の内容と量は異なるが，現行のものではATの「知識」「技術」「指導」の重要性の認識率の向上に関連があるが，「態度」については大きな関連はないと結論した．This study was to survey and analyze the cognitive images of an athletic trainer among university students who want to be athletic trainers. To examine the influence of educational content and its volume, we focused especially on the differences between school years about the cognitive images of an athletic trainer. Subjects were 149 university students. We used the questionnaire which consisted of the following four major items, 1) knowledge, 2) skills, 3) manners and attitudes, and 4) instruction. Each item had three minor items. We compared percentages of the students who recognized the importance of each sub item between 1st, 2nd and 3rd year students. In the 2nd and 3rd year students, the cognition of importance about sub items of 1) knowledge and 2) skills was significantly higher than that of the 1st year students. As regards 3) manners and attitudes, there were little sub items which was significantly recognized its importance. In higher year students, the cognition of importance about 4) instruction was significantly higher than that of lower year students as regards all sub items. We concluded that, the difference of educational content and its volume according to school-year difference did not have a significant relationship with the cognitive images concerning manners and attitudes of AT, while it did with those concerning knowledge, skills and instruction.departmental bulletin pape
Anterior Cruciate Reconstruction –Our Experience and the Future of This Operation-
Get PDF前十字靱帯再建術は解剖的な背景をもとに徐々に進歩してきた。自家腱を用いた再建術では、適切な骨孔を開孔することで、ほぼ満足した成績が得られている。
筆者らが経験した現在主流となっているハムストリングを用いた手法でも満足すべき結果が得られていた。前内側線維と後外側線維束を考慮した大腿骨側と脛骨側に各々2本の骨孔を開孔したdouble-bundle 法と従来の大腿骨側と脛骨側に各々1本の骨孔を開孔したsingle-bundle 法の比較では、Lysholm score、Lachman テスト、術後筋力の改善、患者満足度では差はなかったが、 pivot-shift テスト, 関節可動域ではdouble-bundle 法でより良好な傾向があった。さらにTelos-SEを用いたX線による客観的な評価においては、両術式の平均値では差はなかったが、正常範囲内の改善例ではdouble-bundle 法でより良好であり有意差がみられていた。
今後も前十字靱帯再建術は、より良い手術成績のため解剖学的な方法が追求されていくと考えられる。残された課題もあるが、種々の基礎的･臨床的研究と術後長期成績を評価し、スポーツ競技、患者の生活に応じた治療が望まれる。This paper is based on our experience and aims to make suggestions about the future of ACL reconstruction. Many knee surgeons research the anatomy of the ACL, and change the method of ACL reconstruction to regain true anatomical structure and improve the results of the operations.
The materials for ACL reconstruction are auto grafts of, for example, patella tendons, hamstring tendons, quadrates tendons, Ilio tibial tracts, etc. We think the most commonly-used graft in Japan is hamstring tendons.
We tried two methods using hamstring tendons. We thought the double-bundle procedure was better than single-bundle procedure because the former closely resembles the property of the ACL anatomy. We conducted ACL reconstruction for sixty-five patients with the single-bundle procedure and for sixty patients with the double-bundle procedure using hamstring tendons. Significant differences were not noted between the two groups in Lysholm score, Lachman tests, improvement of muscle strength or patient satisfaction, but in pivot-shift tests and range of motion, the double-bundle group showed better stability and acquisition of full range of motion compared to the single-bundle group. In objective anterior-posterior laxity, the mean difference in the two groups showed almost equal improvement. However, when we consider only cases in which normal difference range was improved, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups. We think our ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendons yielded satisfactory results.
Many attempts of the ACL reconstructions are performed by many knee surgeons to improve the results. For the improvement of the ACL reconstruction in the future, we will need more thorough-going researches and better clinical results which last long after the treatment.departmental bulletin pape
A Study of Western Zhou Bronzes and Their Inscriptions ―Focusing on “Qiu Wei he” （裘衛盉）―
Get PDFIn February 1975 a hoard of Western Zhou bronze vessels was discovered in the village of Dongjin (董家) in the Ojshan（岐山）County of Shaanxi (陜西) Province. Altogether 37 articles were unearthed from the hoard: namely, 13 ding (鼎), 14 gui (簋), 2 hu (壺), 2 li (鬲), 1 pan (盤), 1 he (盉) , 1 yi (匜), 1 ying (鎣) , and 2 dou (豆). “Qiu Wei he” (裘衛盉) in the title of this paper is the name of one of these vessels. By focusing on the bronze vessels made by Qiu Wei and the inscriptions on them the paper aims to consider the extent of the people’s interest in the economy of agricultural land in the middle and late Zhou period. As the subject of this paper the Qiu Wei he is specially chosen for the following reasons. (1) Of all the unearthed bronze vessels it is made with the most intricate finish. (2) The designed patterns of decoration on its surface are done with utmost care. (3) It is shaped with grace and solemnity. (4) The style of the inscriptions (i.e., the structural shape of characters) and the smooth and distinct impression are characteristic of the middle of the Western Zhou period. (5) And, finally, from the artistic point of view the calligraphy of these inscriptions is highly valuable. Concerning how to interpret the inscriptions of the Qiu Wei he there remain certain questions yet to be settled, and the paper will focus on these questions.departmental bulletin pape
Study of Training Method for Practice Batting in Baseball
Get PDF本研究は、野球におけるバッティング指導を例として、運動指導者の指導能力向上
の方法に関する実践報告である。
観察の要点は、1）フリーバッティングのねらい、2）フリーバッティングの動きかたとその際の動きの感じ及び3）運動の質であり、それぞれの観察記述内容を比較・検討し、フリーバッティングに関する指導上の知見を得ることを目的とした。自己観察者（運動実施者）は、野球部に所属する大学生4名とした。他者観察者は、共同研究者2名及び15年以上の野球経験を有する大学生2名による4名とした。観察は野球部の練習場において4ヶ月間の練習期間中8回行なった。1）フリーバッティングのねらい、2）リーバッティングの動きかたとその際の動きの感じ及び3）運動の質についての自己観察及び他者観察を行い、それらの観察内容を記述用紙に記入した。運動の質の要点については、マイネルの提唱した8つの運動質のカテゴリーをもとに作成した。
自己観察については、フリーバッティングの練習終了後、共同研究者2名が自己観察者（運動実施者）4名のそれぞれから自己観察の内容を聞き取り、それぞれの記述用紙に記入した。他者観察については、フリーバッティングの練習中、共同研究者2名を含めた他者観察者全員が観察を行い、その観察結果をフリーバッティングの練習終了後、自己観察者（運動実施者）４名ごとの記述用紙に記入した。
自己観察者（運動実施者）及び他者観察者による観察記述内容を比較・検討したところ、次のようなフリーバッティングに関する指導上の知見を得た。
1）フリーバッティングのねらいについては、どちらかというと違いがあった。それゆえに教員は練習の前に生徒のフリーバッティングのねらいを尋ねて明確にし、教員と生徒の相互理解を深めておくことが必要である。
2）フリーバッティングの動きかたとその際の動きの感じについては、どちらかというと違いがなかった。しかしながら、教員は練習の前に生徒のフリーバッティングの動きかたとその際の動きの感じを尋ねて、教員と生徒の運動感覚的な相互理解を高めておく必要がある。
3) 運動の質のうち、運動の調和及び運動のリズムについては、どちらかというと違いがなかった。運動の伝導については、どちらかというと違いがあった。運動の先取りについては、他者観察することは難しいことから、違いがあった。それによって教員と生徒は運動の質の内容についての相互理解を深めておくことと、練習中や練習後に教員は生徒の自己観察の気づきをしばしば尋ねることが必要である。We reported a case study of batting practice for baseball coaching. This study will provide us with new insight in the improvement of coaching skill.
We observed 1) The aim of the batting practice, 2) The movement of batting and feeling during the batting, and 3) The quality of batting, which are essential points of observation in baseball batting practice. The aim of the case report was to study the results of the observation in each of the categories so that we obtain great insight into the coaching for batting practice. We categorized 4 college baseball players as “self-observers” and 2 researchers and 2 college baseball players who had had more than 15-year baseball experience as “other-observers”. The observations were conducted 8 times in 4 months period at the outside baseball field. Self-observation and other-observation were done to clarify the three essential points, and the results were recorded on a response sheet. The three essential points used in the study were established based on Meinel’s study.
After completing the batting practice, two researchers interviewed the result of the self-observation from 4 self-observers and recorded on the response sheet. During the batting practice, two other-observers recorded the results of observation and recorded on the response sheet.
After comparing the contents of the response sheets from both self- and other- observers, we obtained the results as follows:
1) The aim of the batting practice was slightly different between the self- and the other-observers. Therefore, the coaches (teachers) need to specify the aim of the batting practice and share the idea with the players.
2) Although the movement and the feeling of the batting movement were little different between the self- and the other-observers, coaches (teachers) need to make sure the movements and the feelings of batting of the players and improve mutual understanding in the sense of movement.
3) The harmony and rhythm of the movement, subcategories under the quality of the movement, were not different between the self- and the other-observers; however, the coupling of the movement was slightly different between the observers. Moreover, the anticipation of the movement was different owing to the difficult by the other-observation. Therefore, it is important for coaches to understand the quality and the contents of the movement and share them with players (students). In addition, the coaches (teachers) need to ask the players (students) about the results of self-observation during and/or after practice.departmental bulletin pape
Change of the Scapula Muscles at the Shoulder Rotation in Shoulder Abduction
Get PDF肩関節外転位における肩関節可動時の肩甲骨周囲筋群の変化について，超音波断層法および磁気共鳴画像法(MRI)を用いて定量的に計測し評価することを目的とした．対象は健常男子大学生（CG）8例（20.6±1.7yrs，172.3±4.2cm，69.4±6.1kg），オーバーヘッドスポーツを行っている大学アスリート（OG）8例（21.3±1.8yrs，174.0±5.3cm，70.0±5.3kg）であった．方法1では，超音波診断装置を用いて肩関節外転角度の変化における肩甲骨周囲筋の筋厚値を測定し，筋の動態変化について検討した．肩関節外転角度の上昇に伴い僧帽筋上部は短縮性収縮により筋厚値が変化し，繰り返される外転動作に貢献度が高いことが示唆された．方法2では，生体内組織の硬度を画像化する弾性組織計測システム（Real-Time Tissue Elastography: RTE）を用いて筋硬度の定量化を試みた．OGはCGと比較して僧帽筋中部/大菱形筋では低値を，僧帽筋上部/棘上筋では高値を示す傾向がみられた．また，OGでは肩関節外転90°肘関節90°屈曲位での肩甲骨内外転運動に伴う棘上筋の反応性が高いことから，肩甲骨の内外転運動によって僧帽筋上部の筋弾性が低下すると考えられ，OGの肩甲骨内側の弾性と肩甲胸郭関節の機能との関連性が示唆された．方法3では，MRによるT2緩和時間の変化を用いて肩関節90°外転位で肩関節内旋運動での肩甲骨周囲筋の活動性を検討した．座位での肩関節外転90°における内旋運動直後に大胸筋，僧帽筋，菱形筋，棘下筋でT2値が上昇し，僧帽筋中部および大菱形筋においてT2緩和時間の有意な延長がみられた．これは，肩関節外転位で回旋運動が繰り返される中での肩甲骨周囲筋の重要性が示唆された．総じて，肩関節90°外転位での肩関節回旋運動では肩甲骨周囲筋の活動性は肩甲胸郭関節機能に影響することが示唆され，肩甲骨周囲筋の機能不全はオーバーヘッドスポーツにおける肩甲上腕関節の障害の一因になると考えられた．The purpose of this study is to quantitatively and evaluate the changes of the scapular muscles by ultrasonic tomography and MRI at the shoulder rotation in shoulder abduction. The subjects were 8 each of university students and overhead sports players. (1) In the scapula plane, we measured the change in from of the trapezius muscle (upper, middle, lower : TU, TM, TL), rhomboid muscle (major, minor：RMJ, RMN) and the serratus anterior muscle using ultrasonic tomography at shoulder abduction. (2) To evaluate the tissue elasticity about TU / SUS and TM / RMJ by real - time tissue elastography the subjects performed scapular horizontal flexion and extension exercises (10 reps* 5 sets). (3) They performed shoulder incycloduction movement of 15, 30 deg / sec in abduction in Biodex, and used MRI, and calculated T2 relaxation time about the exercises of the rotator cuff and scapular muscles. The muscle thickness value changed in TU and TL, especially TL revealed a change in higher than 90 degrees shoulder abduction. And the elastic value of the overhead group, TU / SUS revealed a tendency to show a high level for the control. As for the overhead sports, the activity in more than 45 degrees shoulder abduction is important and scapular muscle functions as a scapular stabilizer at the time of repeated shoulder rotation Also, it was suggested as for the rhomboid muscle that we respond as scapular stabilizer at the time of shoulder rotation. The pectoralis major, trapezius, rhomboid, infraspinatus muscles revealed elevation of T2 value and extension for T2 relaxation time after the exercises by MRI. It was suggested that the shoulder rotation in abduction is influenced by muscle activity of the scapular muscles and dysfunction of scapular muscles was caused by disorder of the glenohumeral joint in the overhead sports.departmental bulletin pape
A Study on Western Zhou Bronzes and Their Inscriptions. ‐Focusing on“Zai Shou Gui”(宰獣簋)‐
Get PDFA Zai Shou Gui, a Western Zhou bronze vessel, was found in Shaanxi province in July 1997, and the commentary on its shape, pattern and inscription was published in WenWu 8 (1998). In this paper I would like to reexamine that early commentary, focusing on the interpretation of the inscription of twelve lines and one hundred and twenty-nine letters.departmental bulletin pape