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The Benefits of Using Clay in Art Therapy
Get PDF20世紀半ばにその名前が登場した芸術療法の技法は多様であるが、その中に粘土を用いた造形活動もある。粘土は立体的な表現が可能で、可塑性が高い、多くの人が幼児期に使ったことがあるなどの特徴を生かした利用をされている。本研究では、このような粘土造形を行った際の心理状態を数量的データにより調査することを目的とする。そのために、一般大学生40名を対象に粘土造形を試行させて、粘土に触った感想と制作物の題名を調査した。結果は、感想からは「手触り」や「素材の特徴」など10個のカテゴリ、作品の題目からは「動物」や「キャラクター」など7個のカテゴリが得られた。この結果から、粘土を扱うとその手触りから退行が促進され、癒しの効果が得られることが明らかになった。そして、粘土を触った感想は、思考、感覚、感情という3つのレベルから考えられることも分かった。また、柔らかさを中心に手触りについての感想が多かった。さらに、粘土の使用はコミュニケーションツールにもなると考えられ、グループワークへの活用も期待できる。Background: There are various techniques of art therapy that have been developed since the term was first applied in the mid 20th century. One possible technique is using clay to form shapes. In the case of clay, three-dimensional expression is possible, plasticity is high, and most people are familiar with it from playing with it in early childhood.
Objective & Method: This study aims to quantitatively investigate the psychological condition of subjects when they are working clay. 40 general university students were given clay to work with, and asked to provide their impressions about working the clay and the title of the work they created.
Results: The impressions provided by the subjects could be divided into ten categories such as "the feel" and "special features of the material", while the titles could be divided into seven, such as "animals" and "characters".
Discussion: It became clear that the working of clay brought about regression to the comfort of childhood and gave the subjects the effect of healing. It has also been recognized that the impressions of subjects after they have worked clay can be divided into the three levels of idea, sense, and emotion. Moreover, the most common impression was that it was soft to the touch. In addition, the use of clay could become a communication tool, and therefore there is high potential for its use in promoting teamwork.departmental bulletin pape
Contribution of Physical Education to Children's Fitness Level
Get PDF現代社会において、文明の発達や犯罪の増加、家庭を取り巻く環境の変化とともに子どもの遊びも、「外遊び（体を動かして友達と遊ぶ）」から「室内遊び（コンピューターゲーム等）」と変化が起きている。その影響として、子どもの体力低下が叫ばれて久しいが、子どもの体力つくりに関して学校の体育の授業でどのように取り組まれてきたのかを「学習指導要領」から調査し、今後どのように子どもの体力つくりを実践して言ったらよいのであろうかを考察してみた。In the modern society, as a result of development of technology, increase of crime rate, and the change of family situation, young children’s playtime activities have changed from “ outdoor play (e.g. running around with other kids in an outdoor field) to “indoor play (e.g. playing computer games indoors.) The change of the playing style must have much to do with the decrease of the physical fitness of the young children observed in the last several decades. The purpose of this study was to examine “the Ministry of Education guidelines” in an effort to elucidate how the public education has approached the children’s physical fitness improvement. In this study, we have made some suggestions for the improvement of children’s physical fitness in the future.departmental bulletin pape
Characteristics of Postural Sway in Standing Position of Children with Mild Developmental Disorders
Get PDF軽度発達障害児は筋緊張が低く、四肢の巧緻性の低下、足底の感覚過敏などの身体能力の発達不足より、発達の軽度の遅れを生じさせる。その身体面の遅れが社会性の発達の遅れに起因するのではないかと思われる。そこで今回、地域在住の軽度発達障害児の立位バランス能力を定量的に評価した。
対象は軽度発達障害児9名（平均5歳）、コントロール群として9名（平均5.2歳）の児童を対象とした。対象者と対象者の親には研究について説明を行い、同意を得られた。被験者は重心動揺計（ANIMA社製）の上で、開眼・閉眼、各30秒間静止立位保持を行った。重心動揺計はサンプリング周波数20Hzにて計測を行った。またその他に握力、立ち幅跳び、片脚立位時間の計測を行った。得られた結果をMann-Whitneyの検定を用いて分析した。分析にはSPSS ver15.0（Windows）を用い、有意水準5％とした。
両グループを比較した結果、閉眼時は軽度発達障害児の群において対照群よりも単位面積軌跡長、実効値、実効値面積に有意水準5％で差があった。開眼時では表3に示すように軽度発達障害児の群において、単位面積軌跡長、矩形面積、実効値、実効値面積、X方向最大振幅、Y方向最大振幅において有意な差がみられた(p<.05)。握力、立ち幅跳び、片脚立位は、対照群において各項目で数値が大きく、特に立ち幅跳びと片脚立ちでは有意に軽度発達障害児よりも対照群において数値が高かった。
今まで軽度発達障害児の身体発達面の研究は十分ではなかった。軽度発達障害児の発達過程が遅れていることは近年の先行研究で明らかにされた。今回5歳児の静止立位のバランスの評価を行ったが、健常児と比較して不安定であった。そのため早期より軽度発達障害児に身体面で関わることで、身体面の遅れに影響できるものと考えられる[Purpose] Some children with mild developmental disorders show reduced muscle tension, decreased agility of limbs and concomitant reduced hypersensitivity of foot soles, which in turn may cause a slight delay in the development of physical functions. We assessed the upright postural balance ability of children with mild developmental disorders.
[Subjects] Subjects comprised 9 children with mild developmental disorders (mean age 5.0 years) and 9 healthy children (mean age 5.2 years) as a control group. Informed written consent was obtained from the parents of all the children.
[Methods] Postural balance was measured with a Gravicorder GS-31P stabilometer (Anima Co.) during two trials each of 30-s under the conditions static upright posture with eyes open, and with eyes closed respectively. The data sampling frequency was 20Hz. Other measurements included grip force, standing broad jump and one leg stance time. Differences between the two groups were examined using the Mann-Whitney test of the SPSS ver15. Differences with P<.05 were considered significant
[Results] With eyes closed, LNG/ENV,AREA ; RMS ; RMS,AREA differed between the two groups (p<.05). With eyes open, the children with mild developmental disorders showed poorer standing balance ability(LNG/ENV,AREA ; REC,AREA ; RMS ; RMS,AREA ). The maximal right-left distance of the sway paths of the center of gravity of the controls were significantly narrower (p<05). The control groups showed greater grip force, and performed significantly better in tests of standing broad jump and one leg stance time.
[Conclusion] Research on the physical development of children with mild developmental disorders is as yet insufficient. Research in recent years has clarified that the process of such development in children with mild developmental disorders is slower. It was found here that at 5 years old, such children show more instability in geostationary postural balance with eyes open. Therefore, it is thought that mild developmental disorders delay the physical development of children from an early age.departmental bulletin pape
Effects of Overload Exercise on the Structure of Patellar Tendon and Tibial Proximal Metaphysics in Rat
Get PDF発育期に過負荷が膝関節に作用すると、膝蓋靱帯炎(ｼﾞｬﾝﾊﾟｰ膝)や脛骨粗面が隆起するOsgood-Schlatter病(以下オスグッド病に省略)を発生する可能性が高まるとされている。膝蓋靱帯炎やOsgood-Schlatter病による脛骨粗面の構造については、MRIやX線による研究以外の、組織学的な研究はされていない。そこで、ラットに跳躍運動を毎日、2週間行わせた。実験期間終了後、両群のラットによる観察用標本を作製し、光学顕微鏡により観察し検討した結果、発育期の過度な跳躍運動による実験は、膝蓋靱帯炎やオスグッド病を誘発する実験として適当であったと思われた。また、突出した膝蓋靭帯付着部の観察により、膝蓋靭帯炎の肥厚部ならびにオスグッド病は剥離骨折とされる過去の研究を、基礎的データにより裏づけられた。ならびに実験群の骨端軟骨直下の骨梁や、その内部の構造から、脛骨長軸方向の加重に対しては抵抗性を増していたが、側方からの力には、弱い状態にあると推測された。t is shown that the overload to knee joint at a growth period is liable to bring about patellar tendon disease (disorder?) and Osgood-Schlatter disease, in which the swelling of tibial tuberosity is recognized. It is thought that the disease is caused by avulsion fracture of that portion, but the evidences have not been obtained yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural changes of tibial tuberosity in rats that is caused by the overload exercise.
It seems that the experiments of this study, using exhaustive (exhausting?) jump
exercise, are useful for the induction of patella tendon disease (disorder?) and Osgood-Schlatter disease.
It was surmised that the swelling of tibial tuberosity was caused by proliferation of
cartilage tissue, and the avulsion fracture of that disease (disorder?) was related to the proliferation of cartilage tissue and the expansion of vessel cavities.departmental bulletin pape
Ways of Learning English : From Children to Grown-ups
Get PDF英語教育をめぐる論議は、教育行政担当者、教育機関、教育研究者だけでなく、社会一般を巻き込んで絶え間なく続いている。英語教育は現状のままでよいのか、伝統的教育法に欠陥はないか、文法・読解でなくコミュニケーション中心の英語教育への転換が正しいかどうか。そして賛否両論ある議論を経て、小学校における早期英語教育が実現した。本稿は政策の処方ではなく、問題点を分析し、記述することを目的とする。早期英語教育問題に対する示唆を得るために、日本人の子どもが英語文化圏で育つ体験について分析的に記述する。それに関連して、イギリス文化の真髄ともいうべき｢わらべ歌｣について考察する。これらの考察を経て、早期英語教育が問題解決の終点ではなく、むしろ入り口に過ぎず、真の問題はその先にあることを主張し、学術、企業、国際政治などの場で必要とされる、高いレベルでの真の自己表現のための英語とはどのようなものであるか、試論的に記述・提言する。The problem of teaching and learning English has been continuously and widely discussed not only by the Ministry of Education and Science, schools and universities, academic specialists but also by Japanese society at large. The questions involved are indeed varied. Is the present state of English teaching to be approved? Are there not defects or shortcomings in it? Should it not be geared to ‘communicative English’ rather than to the grammar-orientated teaching of written English? After the heated discussions both for and against it the policy of teaching English at primary school has come into effect and has already been put into practice. The present paper does not propose to ‘prescribe’ any particular therapy or treatment but only aims to analyse or ‘describe’ the problems involved in the teaching and learning of English. In order to gain insight into and obtain hints about the problem of teaching English at primary school the paper will discuss what would happen to Japanese children when they are brought up in an English-speaking country. In this connexion the paper will analyse “Ring-a-ring o’ roses”, one of the most famous Mother Goose nursery rhymes and, for the sake of comparison, two songs, French and Japanese respectively, which can link up with it through the key image of dancing in a ring. On the basis of these analytical observations the paper will attempt to conclude that the teaching of English at primary school cannot be the goal of but merely a prologue to English learning; and that the real question, which is far more overwhelmingly demanding, is how academics, business people, diplomats, etc. could acquire the command of English at a higher level by means of which they could each communicate on the equal footing with their respective counterpart in the international arena of this globalised world.departmental bulletin pape
Relationships between AADL of Community-dwelling Elderly Women and Subjective Feeling of Health －Using TMIG Index of Competence and VAS as parameters－
Get PDF主観的健康感と拡大生活活動の関連を検討し、特定高齢者となる可能性のある要因を明らかにすることを目的とした。対象は65歳以上の女性74名であった。主観的健康感の評価として視覚的アナログ尺度（visual analogue scale：以下VAS）、拡大生活活動の評価として老研式活動能力指標を用いた。VASと老研式活動能力指標（r＝0.35、p＜0.01）、「社会的役割」（r＝0.38、p＜0.001）において正の相間、Timed Up & Go test（r＝0.42、p＜0.001）と負の相間を認めた。VASが「80mm未満」、「80mm以上」の２群間で比較すると、老研式活動能力指標（p＜0.05）、「社会的役割」に有意差（p＜0.05）を認めた。主観的健康感の低下には老研式活動能力指標と「社会的役割」が影響している可能性が示唆された。また老研式活動能力指標の低下には「社会的役割」が強く関連しており、拡大生活活動の低下者には、特に「社会的役割」の低下を予防するアプローチや介入が必要であると考えられた。The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between a subjective feeling of health and advanced activities of daily living (AADL), and thus to clarify the factors for becoming specific senior elderly? people, who have potential needs for care and support. The subjects were 74 community-dwelling elderly women. We used two kinds of questionnaires. Visual Analogue Scale（VAS）was used to evaluate their subjective feeling of health and the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology(TMIG) Index of Competence was used to evaluate AADL. Significant difference was detected that decrease of subjective feeling of health score was brought about by the decrease of TMIG Index of Competence（r＝0.35、p＜0.01）,"Social role"（r＝0.38、p＜0.001）and Timed Up & Go test（r＝0.42、p＜0.001）. Moreover, "Social role” score was strongly related to the decrease of TMIG Index of competence. The results suggest the approach and intervention that would prevent the decrease of “Social role” will be more necessary for the maintenance and improvement of AADL.departmental bulletin pape