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Prepalatalisation of denti-alveolar sounds and its relevant phenomena in the rGyalthang subgroup of Khams Tibetan
Get PDFapplication/pdfThis article discusses a potential background of the emergence of prepalatal initials, which are expected to be denti-alveolar counterparts as an ordinary sound correspondence, attested in the rGyalthang subgroup of the Sems-kyi-nyila group of Khams Tibetan, spoken principally in Shangri-La Municipality, Yunnan Province, China. It clarifies that the condition of the phenomenon is related to either a case that a given sound precedes /i/ in a synchronic aspect or a case that a given sound precedes a Literary Tibetan (LT) vowel e. The article further analyses that LT e corresponds to *jə in a proto-form (proto-rGyalthang), which means that /i/ and /j/ effect the development of the initial from denti-alveolars to prepalatals. This analysis can be supported by a parallel case that LT o can correspond to *wə in the proto-form.boo
気候適応史プロジェクト『Newsletter』No.17
Get PDFapplication/pdfプロジェクトをふりかえる
◾プロジェクトの終了を間近にひかえて 中塚 武
◾気候適応史プロジェクトを振り返る! 佐野雅規 鎌谷かおる 皇甫さやか
活動紹介
◾JpGU Meeting 2018 李 貞
◾世界経済史会議 参加記 高槻泰郎
◾地球研オープンハウス報告
◾成果本経過報告 栗生春実
研究紹介
◾『CD-ROM版鎌倉遺文』を利用した中世古文書デジタルテキストデータの活用について 伊藤啓介
◾住居址集成データベースについて 手島美香
そのほか
◾双六で振り返るプロジェクトオフィスの「あのころ」othe
Historical Development of Low-Cost Flush Toilets in India: Gandhi, Gandhians, and “Liberation of Scavengers”
Get PDFapplication/pdfThis article elucidates the historical process of the development of low-cost flush toilets in contemporary India, as a part of the project for the “liberation of manual scavengers.” This article focuses on the specific social movements led by M. K. Gandhi and his followers or co-workers, called Gandhians, from both socio-cultural and technological aspects. Gandhi attempted to focus on the dignified notion of scavenging work. He exhorted to improve the working environments in which scavengers had engaged to eradicate the untouchability. The Gandhians intended to change the structure of toilets in which one would be totally separated from their own waste. Gandians finally introduced twin-pit pour-flush toilets into households. This process brought modern sanitation discourse and knowledge spread to the public about the cause of discrimination against “scavengers” coming from their insanitary working condition, rather than from ritual pollution. In the end, the development process of the low-cost flush toilets by Gandhians, as the project for the “liberation of scavengers,” paradoxically embodied Gandhi’s original claim of untouchability as a “rule of sanitation” into a practical level.articl
