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Livestock and Poultry Milieus as Non-Hospital Sources of AmpC and Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamases Producers in Southeast Nigeria
No full textAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms fail to respond to the therapeutic onslaught of antibiotics. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC enzymes are important AMR mechanisms that erode the efficacy of important antibiotics. Here, we report on the detection and susceptibility of ESBL- and AmpC-producing bacteria from livestock and poultry environments. Bacteriological and molecular biology tools were used for the isolation and characterization of bacteria. Combined disk diffusion methods and PCR were used to screen and confirm ESBL and AmpC production. ESBL was phenotypically detected in E. coli, Klebsiella species, and P. aeruginosa for samples from poultry at the rate of 4%, 1%, and 2% while samples from livestock milieus had ESBL-positive bacteria at the rate of 5%, 2%, 4% for E. coli, Klebsiella species and P. aeruginosa respectively. AmpC was phenotypically detected in E. coli (3%), Klebsiella species (2%), and P. aeruginosa isolates (1%) for samples from poultry milieus. For samples from livestock milieus, AmpC was phenotypically
detected in E. coli (7%), Klebsiella species (3%), and P. aeruginosa (6%). The ESBL- and AmpC-positive bacteria showed significant levels of reduced susceptibility to the carbapenems and cephalosporins. PCR detected CTX M-15 genes (20%) and FOX-1 genes (25%) which mediated ESBL and AmpC resistance in bacteria. These findings have led to the identification of key functional genes that cause bacterial resistance in southeast Nigeria, and focus attention on the importance of surveillance and monitoring to mitigate the transmission of AMR in the environment, as antibiotic therapy could be affected
In N.R. Maddela, S.A. Aransiola and R. Prasad (Eds.), Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology
No full textThe modern world is now focusing on environmental-friendly products, and, hence, many chemical processes are being replaced by enzymatic methods. In recent years, enzymes have attracted huge attention due to their potential industrial, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications in everyday life. The marine environment has been identified as a reservoir of important microorganisms having the potential to generate multifarious enzyme systems with novel applications. Marine microbial enzymes, in particular, attract special interest due to their distinct habitat-related properties that enable them to be active in extreme environments. Hence, marine microbial enzymes including proteases, lipases, collagenases, agarases, celluloses, and other enzymes can offer novel biocatalysts with extraordinary properties. This chapter discusses marine microbial enzymes, their properties, and their applications in different fields of human endeavors
Mycological Studies of three skin Infections: Atropic dermatitis (Eczema), Tinea corporis (body Ring worm) and Seborrheic dermatitis (Dandruff) of the Scalp and Skin in Rural Communities in North-Central, Nigeria
No full textAim: Skin diseases are common and often have an impact on an individual’s health-related quality of life. Skin disorders or rather, infections can be isolated and identified to aid in diagnosis of the particular infection and can be characterized generally or specifically by their symptoms. They can also be managed and control by certain measures. Skin fungal infections continue to place a burden on health care and are a serious concern internationally in terms of cost and resource impact. The purpose of this research is to determine the fungi associated with certain skin infections. Methods: A mycological evaluation of three skin conditions; Eczema, Ringworm and Dandruff, was conducted on 30 cases. Direct microscopy by lacto-phenol cotton blue (LPCB) tease mount and culture was undertaken to isolate the fungal pathogens in each case. Results: The commonest dermatophyte isolated was Microsporum spp (41.7%). Dandruff cultures grew a high proportion of species of a non-dermatophyte mould, Aspergillus, of which Aspergillus niger (25%) was the commonest specie isolated. Total LPCB positivity rate was 100% and total culture positivity rate for dandruff was 40%, for Ringworm was 35% and for Eczema was 25%. Conclusion: This study
highlights the fact that fungi also play a role in skin diseases, as either primary or secondary pathogens, and that inflammatory and non-inflammatory skin diseases are also in association with various moulds and/or dermatophyte genera.Ni
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C among HIV Patients attending Wuse District Hospital Abuja, Nigeria
No full textBackground: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus are among the clinical conditions of public health importance with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. These two infections share common route of transmission that puts HIV positive individuals at risk of co-infection with HBV. It is therefore necessary to document the seroprevalence of HBV among HIV patients in Abuja. Materials and Methods: The seroprevalence of HBV among HIV patients attending Wuse district hospital in Abuja was studied using the Rapid Test Detection (RTD) strips, Methods involving Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (PCR). Non-HIV volunteers in the same area served as control. DNA and RNA were extracted with zymo extraction kits, the genes purity quantified by Nanodrop 1000 and amplified by 9700 Applied Biosystem Thermocycler. The amplicons were resolved by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Phylogenetic analysis and sequencing were done by Inquaba South Africa and data analysed statistically with Graphpad prism version 7. A total of four hundred (400) subjects were involved in the study using Stratified Random Sampling method; two hundred (200) HIV patients from the district hospital and two hundred (200) for the Non-HIV volunteers within Abuja Municipal. Results: The prevalence of hepatitis B in Wuse district hospital using RTD was 4% as against 20% when PCR method was used. The phylogenetic analysis of HIV revealed HIV1 isolate closely related to AF069943.1 HIV-1 isolate with 2,538 bp genomic DNA obtained in 1995 from a hospitalized individual from Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. The prevailing HBV genotype was HBV genotype E. Conclusion: The findings of this research confirm that HBV is a major co-morbid infection and a threat to HIV patients. The PCR is the best method of diagnosis. The government should improve in creating awareness and vaccinating the populace to reduce the prevalence of these infections.Self Sponsore
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Micro Organisms Associated with Ocular Infections
No full textBackground and Objective: Ocular infections in man are the contamination and invasion of ocular tissues by micro organisms leading to the breakdown of the natural defense mechanisms of the eyes. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of microorganisms associated with ocular infections. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted at four (4) tertiary hospitals in Abia State. Ocular specimens
were collected from 500 patients. Subsequent identification was done based on morphology and biochemical tests. Susceptibility pattern of the isolates were done using the disk diffusion method. Results: The prevalence of ocular infection was 264(52.8%). Conjunctivitis was the most prevalent ocular infection of
105(39.8%) followed by Blepharitis 76(28.8%). S. aureus was the most prevalent pathogen 63(23.9%) followed by CoNS 36(13.6%). S. aureus was 100% sensitive to vancomycin and chloramphenicol. CoNS were also 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and chloramphenicol. K pneumoniae was 100% sensitive to gentamicin and Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid while N. gonorrhoeae was 100% sensitive to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefotaxime. The overall MAR bacteria were 38(16.2%). Conclusion: The prevalence of ocular infection was high with Conjunctivitis being the dominant. The dominant bacteria species were S. aureus and CoNS. The overall MAR bacteria proportion was relatively high. The findings in this study calls for CoNStant bacterial surveillance before starting empirical treatment
DIETARY EVALUATION AND PARTIAL BUDGET ANALYSIS OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER TREATED SUGARCANE SCRAPS ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF RED SOKOTO GOATS
No full textThe Study which was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Abuja, was aimed at evaluating the effect of feeding Aspergillus treated Sugarcane scraps on feed intake, weight gain, digestibility and partial budget analysis of Red Sokoto goats. Nine mixed sexes Red Sokoto goats with an average initial weight of between 13.37 and 13.60kg (±SEM=0,07) used for the study were acclimatized to the experimental diets for two weeks. The study consisted of 56 days feeding trial and 7 days of digestibility period in a Complete Randomised design model . The dietary treatments were T1 (0% Aspergillus treated Sugarcane scraps); T2 (12.50% Aspergillus treated Sugarcane scraps) and T3 (25% Aspergillus treated Sugarcane scraps). The results revealed significant variations (P< 0.05) in the average dry matter intake {500g/day (T1); 450g/day (T2); and 750g/day (T3)}. Crude Protein intake, ether extract intake, metabolizable energy intake and ash intake were highest for T3 compared to other dietary treatments. The significant (P<0.05) weight gain noted was highest for T3 and lowest for T1. Feed Conversion Ratio (FRC) was best for T2 and T3. Digestibility of all parameters were significantly different (P<0.05) with the highest value recorded for T3. Feed cost per kilogram was N267.03 (T1); N287.67 (T2) and N308.69 (T3) while feed cost/g weight gain was economical for T3 (N0.39) compared with N0.54 (T2) and N2.05 (T3). The study concluded that feeding Aspergillus treated Sugarcane scraps to Red Sokoto goats holds a positive effect on the performance and economically feasibl
Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of different Bacteria Associated with female Genital tract Infection in Rural Communities in North central Nigeria
No full textGenital tract infections (GTI) are infections of the reproductive system which are caused by pathogenic organisms normally present in the reproductive tract, or introduced from the outside during sexual contact or medical procedures. Infectious agents can impair various important human functions, including reproduction. Bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites are able to interfere with the reproductive function in both sexes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing is commonly used in Medical Microbiology (1) the disc diffusion technique and (2) the tube dilution method. Both methods identify the infecting pathogen and the antibiotics that are likely to inhibit its growth. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria in the genital tract of females in rural communities in FCT Abuja, Nigeria. A total of 75 samples were collected from 32 women of the age ranging from 21 to 60 years which include; clean catch mid-stream urine, High Vaginal Swab-HVS and Endocervical Swab-ECS samples. The samples were inoculated immediately after collection in the laboratory on chocolate and MacConkey agar. Microscopy of the samples was carried out using wet preparation method they were placed on a clean grease free glass slide, covered with cover slip and viewed under the microscope using low power (X10) and high power (X40) objectives. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed on all isolated bacteria using the Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. Five (5) different bacteria isolates namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Coliform bacilli, Serretia marcescens, Pseudomonas were identified. The female samples within the age group of 25–52 years, showed higher prevalence of
Genital Tract Infection (GTI), 61.3% of the isolates were found to be Gram positive while 28.2% were found to be Gram negative bacteria. Staphylococcus spp (61.3%) was the most prevalent gram positive isolate. Most of the Gram-negative isolates resisted Nalixidic acid, Ceporex and Septrin among all other Gram-negative disc used. 92.26% and 84.52% of the Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates respectively, were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. This study reveals that about 50% of female in the rural communities in Abuja between the ages of 21 and 60 years are living with GIT. Both the Gram-negative and the Gram-positive isolates were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. Hence ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. The abuse of antibiotics should be discouraged to prevent the increase of antimicrobial resistant cases so as to eradicate these bacterial infections. Finally, the Public Health and epidemiology Department in Federal Capital Territory Abuja should create awareness on personal hygiene in all the rural Communities in Abuja to avoid these infections
Assessment of Antibacterial Properties of Jatropha tanjorensis
No full textAim: This study aimed at evaluating the Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Jatropha tanjorensis against selected test bacteria. Methods: The antibacterial properties were tested using the agar-well diffusion technique. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts were also determined. Phytochemical analysis of the hot and cold extracts revealed presence of flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, anthraquinones and tannis. Results: Results obtained revealed that the cold extracts were more effective than the hot extracts. Cold extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf has antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Hot extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis stem has very little antibacterial activity against S. marcescens at low concentrations with no MBC. Cold extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf was bactericidal for S. aureus at 250 mg/ml. Salmonella sp., E. coli, Pseudomonas sp., S. pyogenes, Serratia marcescens and Serratia marcescens were resistant to HE of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf and stem respectively.
Conclusion: This study shows that there are phytochemicals present in Jatropha tanjorensis. The plant shows antibacterial properties against some bacteria, namely: Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli, indicating that they can be used as antimicrobials
Modeling and Forecasting Cryptocurrency Returns and Volatility: An Application of GARCH Models
No full textThe future of e-money is crypocurrencies, it is the decentralize digital and virtual currency that is secured by cryptography. It has become increasingly popular in recent years attracting the attention of the individual, investor, media, academia and governments worldwide. This study aims to model and forecast the volatilities and returns of three top cryptocurrencies, namely; Bitcoin, Ethereum and Binance Coin. The data utilized in the study was extracted from the higher market capitalization at 31st December, 2021 and the data for the period starting from 9th November, 2017 to 31st December 2021. The Generalised Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) type models with several distributions were fitted to the three cryptocurrencies dataset with their performances assessed using some model criterion tests. The result shows that the mean of all the returns are positive indicating the fact that the price of this three crptocurrencies increase throughout the period of study. The ARCH-LM test shows that there is no ARCH effect in volatility of Bitcoin and Ethereum but present in Binance Coin. The GARCH model was fitted on Binance Coin, the AIC and log L shows that the CGARCH is the best model for Binance Coin. Automatic forecasting was perform based on the selected ARIMA (2,0,1), ARIMA (0,1,2) and the random walk model which has the lowest AIC for ETH-USD, BNB-USD and BTC-USD respectively. This finding could aid investors in determining a cryptocurrency's unique risk-reward characteristics. The study contributes to a better deployment of investor’s resources and prediction of the future prices the three cryptocurrencies.No sponso
In N.R. Maddela and S.A. Aransiola (Eds.), Microbial Biofilms: Applications and Control
No full textWater availability for human consumption is largely declining, despite the fact that it is a basic requirement of life. Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce, and many are polluted by anthropogenic sources such as industrial effluents, agricultural waste, and household waste. As a result, before discharging wastewater into a natural water body, it must be treated to remove various contaminants found in the wastewater, such as floc, organic carbon, nutrients, inorganic salts, and heavy metals. This chapter briefly discusses the impact and significance of sanitation on public and environmental health; biofilm in wastewater treatment; the formation of polymeric matrix (biofilm) in pipelines in relation to physical, chemical, and biological processes; and the use of microbial biofilms in wastewater treatment and the agricultural sector, as well as methods for mediating biofilm growth by the choice of pipe material used and the disinfectant system employed