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Enhanced microbial degradation of PET and PS microplastics under natural conditions in mangrove environment.
No full textIn-situ bioremediation of mangrove soil contaminated with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS) microplastics was investigated using indigenous microbial consortium with adequate capacity to degrade the plastics. Eight (8) bacteria were isolated from plastic/microplastic-inundated mangrove soil and screened for the ability to degrade PET and PS microplastics. Optical density at 600 nm and colony forming unit counts were measured to evaluate the growth response of the microbes in the presence of PS and PET microplastics at different times of exposure. Structural and surface changes that occurred post biodegradation on the microplastics were determined through EDS and SEM analysis. The obtained results demonstrated the elongation and disappearance of peaks, suggesting that the microbial consortium could modify both types of microplastics. The overall results of the microplastic degradation showed varied degrees of weight loss after 90 experimental days, with the treated plot recorded 18% weight loss. The augmented soil was increased in the concentrations of Si S, and Fe and decreased in the concentrations of C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, and K after bioremediation
The Effects of Corporate Tax Rate on Revenue Generation In Nigeria
No full textCompanies Income Tax (Amendment) Act (CITAA) No.11, 2007 is the present legislation that governs the taxation of companies and incorporated bodies in Nigeria. The Act provides for the rate of corporate tax rate. However, some provisions of the Act on the rate negatively affects the generation of revenue in Nigeria. The aim of this article is examine the provision of the ITAA on corporate tax rate and identify its effects on revenue generation in Nigeria. Priori research method is adopted in the work. Consequently, provisions of the CITAA on the rate are analysed. Relevant information from text books, conference paper or internet websites are used. It has been found that the Nigerian corporate tax rate is among the highest in the world. To be precise, it is the second highest after the USA. This negatively affects the generation of revenue in the country. This is because the rate is part of the factors considered by the investors before making investment in any place. High rate of tax discourages investment in the country. Many companies relocated to Ghana and other African countries that are tax havens. The amount should therefore be reduced to attract more investors that pay tax that boasts up government revenue
In: Prasad R., Nayak S.C., Kharwar R.N., Dubey N.K. (eds) Mycoremediation and Environmental Sustainability. Fungal Biology.
No full textEnvironmental contamination is increasing day by day and hence new systems should be developed for its remediation. Therefore, we attempt to depend much on manageable approaches to treat contamination. Bioremediation is one such encouraging procedure in which microorganisms are utilized for the treatment of environmental pollutants and can be characterized as environmental reaction to environmental abuse. Bioremediation deals with environmental restoration of the already contaminated environments and with the cleaning of regions that have been contaminated as of late, due to the production, storage, transport, and utilization of chemicals. Among these chemicals, pesticides are exceptionally significant as they are widely utilized to increase the yield and quality of crops by protecting them. Likewise, pesticides have turned into an important component of current agribusiness. However, nonstop use of pesticides prompts degradation of the air. Pesticides have turned into a noteworthy contaminant of atmosphere, water, soil, and vegetables. Microorganism and their by-products (e.g., enzyme, toxin, crystal protein, pigments, and biosurfactants) play a significant role in preserving the environment by degrading chemical wastes and xenobiotic compounds that have becomes toxicants
Biosorption of Lead by Bacteria Isolated from Abattoir Wastewater.
No full textSix bacteria were isolated from abattoir wastewater collected from Minna central abattoir. Lead tolerant bacteria were isolated from the wastewater. The isolates were then characterized on the basis of their colonial appearance and reaction to various biochemical tests. The lead tolerance profile of the isolates was carried out using agar diffusion method, with concentrations of Lead nitrate ranging from 50-250 mg/L. Two resistant isolates identified as species of Bacillus and Neisseria were selected for biosorption studies. Lead concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The lead biosorption capacity of the two isolates was studied by inoculating 2 mL of 24 hours old bacteria suspension in 50mL Nutrient broth, containing varying concentrations of lead (500 and 1000 mg/L) at varying pH (7 and 8), with representative samples being withdrawn at day 4, 8 and 12. The results showed that highest biosorption rate was recorded on day 10, at pH 7, in solution containing 500 mg/L of lead with 75.3% and 66% by Bacillus sp. and Neisseria sp. respectively. These results show that Bacillus sp. had better sorption capacity than Neisseria sp. Both organisms can be used for the removal of lead
In N. R. Maddela, L. C. García (eds.), Innovations in Biotechnology for a Sustainable Future.
No full textBiotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products. It is an innovative, interdisciplinary field that impacts many sectors, including agriculture, veterinary, medicine, pharmaceutical, and fine chemicals production. It is one of the key enabling technologies for sustainable production. However, there are challenges and some promising future prospects on biotechnology. This chapter takes into account, various areas where biotechnology is challenging and where it could be a future solution if harness effectively
Microbial and Heavy Metal of Contaminated Soil Using Melissa officinalis L.
No full textIn Nigeria and other part of the world, heavy metal pollutions are becoming increasingly common. Heavy metals are natural elements of the environment. This research was designed to remediate a heavy metal polluted environment of Angwa Kawo (AK) in Rafi Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria with M. officinalis L. Microbial loads of the soil was monitored and the bacterial counts ranges from 1.0±1.0 to 4.0±0.57 x105 cfu/g while the fungal counts has 0.33±0.33 to 2.0±0.57 x102 cfu/g. Physicochemical properties (Organic carbon, pH, Total nitrogen, Phosphorous, Organic matter, moisture, trace elements, Electrical conductivity, Exchangeable acidity and cationic exchange) of the soil were done using standard methods. The plant (M. officinalis L) mopped up heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb) and their concentration varied from 0.007 to 0.33 mg/kg, As (0.09 to 4.39 mg/kg) and Pb (0.07 to 10.35 mg/kg) respectively. The concentration of Cd in the residual soil varied from 0.026 to 0.58 mg/kg, As from 0.32 to 5.48 mg/kg, Pb from 5.88 to 12.37 mg/kg. Soil remediation was further confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, which revealed structural and morphological changes of the soil. Melissa offinalis L proved to have the potential to remediate heavy metal polluted soil as revealed in this study.
and of Usin
In: Maddela N.R., García Cruzatty L.C., Chakraborty S. (eds) Advances in the Domain of Environmental Biotechnology. Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology
No full textWater is a universal solvent that is used both for domestic and commercial purposes. Used water is referred to as wastewater which is released in a varying quantity of volumes to the environment. Wastewater could be point source or non-point source. This water consists of wastes, solid, liquid and gaseous. Ammonia, also known as NH3, is a colourless gas with a discrete odour and a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, but when the compressed liquid of anhydrous ammonia gets into the atmosphere, it turns into a dangerous gas. In order to minimize these effects, both biological and physico-chemical technologies have been applied in the elimination of ammonium from wastewaters for a long period; however, these methods are not very effective in the removal of this ammonium, in accordance to the stringent discharge standards; hence, more effective technologies are called out, and one of these effective and efficient technologies is referred to as anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX). ANAMMOX process is an economical and energy-saving biotechnology that encompasses a great potential in the treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters, especially after its successful case in the treatment of sludge digest liquids. This chapter is therefore written to focus on ANAMMOX organisms, their applications in wastewater treatment and their advantages and disadvantages
Phytochemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Calyces (Zobo Flower) Extracts on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
No full textIntroduction: Hibiscus sabdariffa plant has been used in many ways both for industrial purposes and medicinal uses. It has been discovered to have antimicrobial properties. Aim and objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of H. sabdariffa calyces on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Materials and methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was determined using the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined using the micro broth dilution method.
Results: The phytochemical analysis showed that terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, and anthraquinolones were present in varying concentrations of the different extracts. The methanol extract of H. Sabdariffa calyces possesses more antimicrobial activity (13–24 mm) in a concentration-dependent manner than the aqueous extract (7–20 mm). The MIC of different extracts of S. aureus was between 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL while that of E. coli was also between 12.5 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL. The MBC of different extracts of S. aureus was between 25 and 50 mg/mL while that of E. coli was between 6.25 and 50 mg/mL.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that some secondary metabolites present in H. sabdariffa calyces was responsible for the observed inhibition of
the bacteria seen in this study. The methanol extract of H. sabdariffa calyces possesses more antimicrobial activity in a concentration-dependent manner than the aqueous extract. Therefore, the test plant could be used to manufacture drugs that could be used to treat infections caused by the test organisms
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activities of Anacardium occidentale fruits extracts (Cashew) on two Drug Resistant Bacteria
No full textThis present study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical and antibacterial activities of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Anacardium occidentale (cashew) fruit on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The Phytochemical constituents of this medicinal plant were carried out using standard methods. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by the Broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis showed that Phenols, alkaloids, anthraquinolones, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, glycoside, terpenoids and tannins were present in both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of
A. occidentale. The antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanolic fruit extract of Anacardium occidentale showed that the mean zone diameter of inhibition for S. aureus on the different extracts was between the range of 11mm to 28mm while that of E. coli was between 17mm to 29mm. The MIC of different extracts of S. aureus was between 6.25mg/ml to 25mg/ml while that of E. coli was also between 6.25mg/ml to 25mg/ml. The MBC of different extracts of S. aureus isolates were between the ranges of 100 to 150mg/ml while that of E. coli was also between the range of 100 to 150mg/ml. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of
Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) fruits are rich in wide range of secondary metabolites. Both extracts exhibited bactericidal activities against S. aureus and E. coli. The antibacterial efficacy of the fruit extracts of A. occidentale lends credence to ethno-medicinal use of the plant to treat various ailments
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activities of Newbouldia laevis leaves (Ogirishi) on two Drug Resistant Bacteria
No full textThis present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Newbouldia laevis (Ogirishi) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical constituents of this medicinal plant were carried out using standard methods. Agar dilution
method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of Phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tanins, oxalate, terpenoids, anthraquinolones, alkaloids and tanins in both methanolic and aqueous extracts of N. laevis. The antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanolic leave extract of Newbouldia laevis shows that the mean zone diameter of inhibition for S. aureus on the
different extracts was between the range of 9mm to 22mm while that of E. coli was between 8mm to 24mm. Result from this work shows a greater zone of inhibition produced by the methanolic extracts of N. laevis at all concentrations used compared to that produced by the positive control drug gentamicin. The MIC of different extracts of S. aureus was between 6.25mg/ml to 25mg/ml while that of E. coli was between 6.25mg/ml to 25mg/ml. The MBC of different
extracts of S. aureus isolates was between the ranges of 50 to 100mg/ml while that of E. coli was also between the ranges of 50 to 100mg/ml. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work indicate that the leave extracts of N. Laevis possesses natural potential to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. The observed
antibacterial effects may due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the plant. Our findings justify the claim that the leave extracts of N. Laevis could have antibacterial properties against the stated organisms.Ni