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In N.R. Maddela, S.A. Aransiola and R. Prasad (Eds.), Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology
No full textPollution of the environment is a significant threat to the health of humans and other living things. Traditional pollutant removal methods are ineffective at reducing pollution levels to acceptable levels. For pollutant remediation, biological methods are preferred due to their greater efficiency and biocompatibility. Bioremediation is the term for these low-cost, environmentally friendly methods of reducing pollution. Enzymes play the most important role in bioremediation methods. PAHs, azo dyes, polymers, organocyanides, lead, chromium, and mercury are among the organic and inorganic pollutants that enzymes can help to eliminate. Various enzymes from various species have been isolated. Recently, various enzymes isolated from various species have been used for pollutant bioremediation. Cytochrome P450s, laccases, hydrolases, dehalogenases, dehydrogenases, proteases, and lipases are some of the most common enzymes involved in bioremediation, and they have shown promise in the degradation of polymers, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds, dyes, detergents, agrochemical compounds, and others. Mechanisms like oxidation, reduction, elimination, and ring-opening have aided recent advancements in the use of microbial enzymes for bioremediation
A Comparative Study of the Different Diagnostics of Detecting Malaria and Typhoid Fever
No full textAim: The study is aimed at comparing the different method of diagnosing plasmodium parasite and typhoid fever and also to know the most effective method of diagnosis. Methods: The different diagnostic method of analyzing malaria and typhoid were compared by using blood and stool samples of patients from Angwan Rogo community FCT, Abuja. The diagnostic method used for the analysis of malaria were Rapid diagnostic test kit (RDT) and microscopy diagnostic method, which are Field stain and Giemsa stain. The positivity rate of RDT was (12%), Field stain (88%) and Giemsa stain (94%). Typhoid fever was diagnosed using widal test and stool culture test. The results showed that age group 1-10 had the highest malaria prevalence of 70% followed by age group 21-30 with prevalence of 10%. The positive result for typhoid fever widal test is 63.3% while for stool culture is 90%. Conclusion: The result of the study shows that children are more prevalent to malaria. Therefore, laboratory personnels should not depend solely on widal test, but rather they should employ other diagnostic method such as stool culture which can differentiate salmonella infections from other infections for more diagnostic test result.Self Sponsore
Anti-Bacterial, Phytochemical Analysis and Blood Pressure Lowering Effects of Orange Flesh Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea Batatas L.)
No full textAim; The use of natural or alternative medicines has increased markedly over the last few years. The practice started in Africa quite a while past before the disclosure of even chemotherapeutics. With time, the practice spread to Asian nations and different parts of the world. Over the previous century it has gotten more consideration from places like Europe and the United States of America and has been utilized all the more widely in treating different infirmities. In view of considering the efficacy of traditional medicines, this study aims at assessing the Phytochemical and Antibacterial property of fresh and fermented Ipomoea batatas L. against selected test microorganisms. Methods: The Antibacterial efficacy was tested using the agar-well diffusion technique. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts were also determined. Phytochemical examination of the hot, cold and fermented extracts was also analyzed using standard methods. Results: Results obtained uncovered that the Antibacterial activities in cold extracts were more effective than the hot extract. Cold extracts of Ipomoea batatas L. tuber has Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli. Hot extracts (HE) of Ipomoea batatas L. bark have Antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens. Cold extracts of Ipomoea batatas L. tuber was bactericidal for S. aureus at 900mg/ml and 450mg/ml, making 450mg/ml the MBC. CE of Ipomoea batatas L. bark, CE of Ipomoea batatas L. leaf, HE of Ipomoea batatas L. tuber and CE of Ipomoea batatas L. stem was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes respectively and all organisms came out resistant. The phytochemical analysis of the non-fermented sample uncovered the presence of saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, glycosides and phenol. The fermented Ipomoea batatas L. flour revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloid while the fermented juice revealed the presence of only alkaloid. It was likewise discovered that Ipomoea batatas L. stabilized the blood pressure and blood levels of people at Kpaduma town in Guzape. Conclusion: Ipomoea batatas L. contains phytochemicals, according to this study. The plant has antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes and Serretiamarcesens, indicating that it can be utilized as an antibacterial. In addition, Ipomoea batatas L. has been shown to be useful in the controlling of high blood pressure and blood sugar levels
Childhood Diseases Mapping In Northern Nigeria
No full textInfectious diseases have been the major causes of death in children and adults - killing them before they had a chance to die of something else. The major diseases of children in Nigeria and other part of Africa are malaria, diarrhoea, respiratory diseases, particularly pneumonia, and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (United Nations Children Fund, 2000). Other diseases include chickenpox, diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, polio, whooping cough among others. Most of these diseases are preventable, for example, malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and tuberculosis. Unfortunately, they are still killing children in large numbers. Pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria were responsible for approximately 29 per cent of global deaths among children under the age of 5 in 2018 (https://www.unicef.org/health/childhood-diseases). Except for some descriptive reports by National Statistics Offices of most countries; few systematic studies of factors that influence the prevalence of these diseases among young children in these countries were carried out (www.bioline.org.br/request). Data from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2013), indicates that under-five mortality rates are higher in Northern than Southern Nigeria. The North-West records the highest rate of 185 deaths per 1000 live births, followed by the North-East and the North-Central with 160 deaths and 100 deaths per 1000 live births in that order, while the South-East, South-South and South-West record 131, 091 and 90 deaths per 1000 live births respectively (NPC and ICF International, 2014). The report further shows that mortality rates are influenced by socioeconomic, environmental and cultural factors. This study has a dual purpose; First it identifies significant childhood diseases and describes the demographic, socio-cultural, economic and environmental factors responsible for the childhood diseases and mortality from the perspectives of health personnel, mothers and caregivers, and second, we produced maps showing the spatial distribution of health facilities in Northern Nigeria. In line with this goal, the report describes the commonly reported childhood diseases and the demographic, socio-cultural, and economic characteristics of the study population. It explores differences in the characteristics of the target population in relation to the prevalence of childhood morbidity and mortality in the region using tables and maps. The mapping of variation in risk of child morbidity can help improve the targeting of scarce resources for public health interventions. Bearing in mind that direct mapping of relevant environmental risk factors (which may vary considerably in both space and time) is difficult, we relied on investigations of environmental proxies
Risk Factors for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Diabetes Patients with Foot Ulcers (DFU) in a Tertiary Hospital
No full textDiabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus. Risk of MRSA should be considered in selecting empirical antibiotics. This study was aimed to determine the Risk factors of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Diabetes patients with foot ulcers (DFU). A total of 204 patients with diabetic foot were included in the study. Data collected using a pre-designed questionnaire included patient characteristics and medical history to determine risk factors for developing an MRSA infection in the foot. Specimens were obtained by scraping the ulcer base or the deep portion of the wound edge with a sterile curette, and were promptly sent to the laboratory for culture and identification. The prevalence of MRSA in DFU patients was 22.1%. Male patients with DFU were more infected with MRSA 26(12.7%) than females 19(9.3%) with statistical significance (p 126, patients who smoked and drank for more than 10 years, and patients with body mass >30kg/m2. The prevalence of MRSA in DFU patients was 22.1% which was high. Risk factors were all statiatically associated to MRSA colonization of diabetic foot ulcers. The results from this study will guide healthcare workers on how to educate the patients in the study environment on the possible risk factors contributing to the colonization of MRSA in diabetic foot ulcers and the use of antibiotic therapy to eliminate MRSA from colonized wounds
Atlas of Childhood Diseases and Distribution of Health Facilities in Northern Nigeria
No full textInfectious diseases have been the major causes of death in children and adults killing them before they had a chance to die of something else. The major diseases of children in Nigeria and other part of Africa are malaria, diarrhea, respiratory diseases, particularly pneumonia, and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (United Nations Children Fund, 2012). Other diseases include preterm complications, typhoid fever, yellow fever, meningitis, neonatal sepsis, measles, congenital abnormality, tetanus, pertussis, scabies/boils chickenpox, diphtheria, influenza. measles. polio. whooping cough among others. This atlas presents the prevalence of diseases among children of under-age five years in Northern Nigeria as well as the distribution of Health facilities in sampled states.. The mapping of variation in the prevalence of childhood diseases among children under five years in Northern Nigeria and the mapping of spatial distribution of health facilities in sampled states will help in allocating scarce resources for public health interventions. The spatial scope of this study was limited to Northern Nigeria consisting of the North-East, North-West and North-Central geo-political regions of the country. Northern Nigeria is located within latitudes 09°N and 13°N and longitudes 03°E and 15°E having a total land mass of 660,000km2. In the Northern end, it is bounded by Niger and Chad Republics, Benin Republic in the West and Northern Cameroon in the East. Northern Nigeria is made up of three Geopolitical zones (North-Central, North-East and North-West zones) consisting of 19 States in all as shown in Figure 1.1. The North-Central Zone consists of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Benue, Plateau, Kogi, Nasarawa, Niger and Kwara States. The North-East Zone consists of Bauchi, Gombe, Borno, Yobe Taraba and Adamawa States while the North-West Zone consists of Kebbi, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina.Zamfara, Jigawa, and Sokoto States. The States involved in the study in each geo-political zone were FCT, Benue State and Kwara State (North-Central), Gombe and Adamawa States (North-East) and Kebbi State and Kaduna State (North-West) (Figure 1.2)
Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology
No full textThis contributed volume compiles the latest developments in the field of microbial enzymology. It focuses on topics such as distribution of microbial enzymes in natural habitats, microbial enzymes in environmental sustainability, and environmental disturbances on microbial enzymes, which are organized into three parts, respectively. Ranging from micro-scale studies to macro, it covers a huge domain of microbial enzymes and their interplay between the components of the environment. Overall, the book portrays the importance of microbial enzyme technology and its role in solving the problems in modern-day life. The book is a ready reference for practicing students and researchers in environmental engineering, chemical engineering, agricultural engineering, and other allied fields
CONCOMITANT MALARIAL INFECTION AND PATHOGENIC MICROBIOTA IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN ORLU, IMO STATE, NIGERIA
No full textTo determine the prevalence and types of concomitant malaria and bacterial/mycotic Reproductive Tract Infections within the study area. Cervico-vaginal swabs were collected from 200 participating women using dry cotton and Dacron by placing them in the vaginal cavity for 10 seconds, removed and immediately rolled onto a slide for diagnosis of BV., C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoea, T. vaginalis and other RTIs by PCR. The swabs were stored at -20 oC for a few hours pending extraction which was conducted within 24 hours. For Malaria diagnosis and microscopy, thick blood films were stained using 10% Giemsa. A total of 18 attendees (9.05%) had Bacterial Vaginosis, 8 (4%) had Trichomoniasis while 8 (4%) and 4 (2%) had Gonorrhea and Syphilis respectively. 82(41%) had malaria infection only while 96 (48%) had no malaria infection. 22(11%) had malaria and co-infection of reproductive tract infections (RTIs). There was no significant difference in concomitant malaria infections and RTIs between pregnant women and non pregnant ones. P>0.001. Pregnancy was found not ot affect prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infections. The findings highlight the importance of an integrated approach to malaria and reproductive tract infections control during pregnanc
Biofilms of Pathogenic Bacteria and Emerging Antibiofilm Strategies.
No full textBiofilms act as physical barriers to the immune system and drugs used by the host, resulting in antimicrobial resistance. Biofilms reduce the chances of eradicating infections and can result in relapses and backsliding after conventional treatment. Biofilms have a big impact on food safety in the food industry; many foodborne outbreaks have been linked to pathogenic bacteria that can form a biofilm. Biofilm-associated infections can cause not only severe symptoms but also serious side effects and even death. The findings of an experimental study of pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, and Staphylococcus aureus forming biofilms are presented in this article. The process of biofilm formation and its development phases were displayed with preserved architectonics using light and scanning electron microscopes. The amount of biofilm formed was influenced by the growth medium as well as the incubation conditions and time. Biofilmforming microbes are a common cause of complicated and recurrent diseases, and they are usually linked to multidrug-resistant bacteria, which account for nearly 80% of all refractory nosocomial infections. Medical device- and tissue-associated biofilm infections are two types of biofilm infections. Understanding the pathogenesis and factors that contribute to biofilm formation, as well as the disruption and dispersal mechanisms of biofilms, will aid in the development of improved anti-biofilm strategies. Overall, this literature review can serve as a single source of information about microbial biofilm formation and mitigation strategies, which could be extremely useful to biofilm researchers