International Journal of Medical Science Research and Practice (IJMSRP)
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Unravelling the Patterns of Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA): Insights and Implications
No full textThe Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) has long been a cornerstone for diagnosis and management of autoimmune diseases. This review aims to elucidate the diverse patterns observed in ANA IFA, exploring their clinical significance, diagnostic utility, and evolving implications in autoimmune diagnostics. We delve into the intricacies of interpreting ANA IFA patterns, emphasizing their correlation with specific autoimmune diseases and highlighting recent advancements in pattern recognition technologies. Furthermore, we discuss challenges, limitations, and future directions in ANA IFA interpretation, paving the way for enhanced precision and efficacy in autoimmune disease diagnosis.
 
Maternal Screening: A Comprehensive Review of Current Practices, Emerging Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions
No full textMaternal screening has evolved into a cornerstone of prenatal care, providing critical insights into the health of both mother and fetus. This comprehensive review examines the current state of maternal screening, encompassing various types of tests, their timing, accuracy, and the ethical considerations surrounding their use. Recent technological advancements, such as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and expanded carrier screening, are explored alongside their implications for clinical practice. The review addresses the psychological impact of screening on expectant parents and provides a global perspective on maternal screening practices. By synthesizing current research and expert opinions, this article aims to provide healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers with a thorough understanding of the field`s present status and future directions. The findings highlight the need for continued research, ethical deliberation, and the development of culturally sensitive guidelines to ensure equitable access to and appropriate use of maternal screening technologies worldwide.
 
Utilizing Quality Indicators to Detect and Reduce Pre-Analytical Errors in Laboratory Testing
No full textPre-analytical errors are the most frequent type of errors encountered in clinical laboratory testing, accounting for approximately 46-68% of all laboratory-related mistakes. These errors occur during the stages of patient preparation, sample collection, handling, transport, and processing, often resulting in compromised test accuracy and negatively impacting patient outcomes. The clinical implications of pre-analytical errors can be serious, leading to misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatments, delays in patient care, and increased healthcare costs. The introduction of quality indicators (QIs) offers laboratories a systematic approach to identifying, monitoring, and reducing pre-analytical errors. QIs measure critical aspects of the pre-analytical phase, such as specimen rejection rates, hemolysis index, patient identification accuracy, sample transport conditions, and phlebotomy success rates. By tracking these indicators, laboratories can detect weaknesses in their processes, implement targeted interventions, and ensure consistent improvements in quality. Studies have demonstrated that the implementation of QIs significantly reduces error rates, leading to enhanced diagnostic accuracy and improved patient safety. This review discusses the common pre-analytical errors, the role of QIs in mitigating these errors, and the impact of quality management on overall laboratory performance, with evidence drawn from recent research and clinical practice.
 
Socio-demographic Factors that Influence the Implementation of Tuberculosis Donor-Funded Health Services in Zanzibar Tanzania
No full textTuberculosis (TB) is one of the killer diseases that is affecting humanities despite the available treatment services. The paper is based on the study that was done in Zanzibar using the case of Mnazi Mmmoja Hospital in examining the influence of socio-demographic factors in facilitating the implementation of donor-funded TB services in the study area. The study employed a 100 sample size that comprised health workers and users of TB services who were selected by purposive and simple random sampling procedures. The study was a mixed approach because of the need to capture the experiences and extent of socio-demographic factors in influencing the use and practice of TB services provision in the study area. It was found that demographic factors including sex, age and education level have a significant level of influence in the use of TB services at (P=0.03, P=0.00, and P=0.00 respectively). The study found that the social factors that influence the use of TB services include users’ belief and support of TB services with 2.5 levels of influence indicating a moderate influence. Patients’ attendance on TB services with a 3.2 level of influence indicating a moderate level of influence. The use of traditional medicine by TB patients had 4.1 levels indicating a high level of influence. The stereotype on the use of TB services had 1.3 influences signifying a very low level of influence. The use of traditional TB services had a 1.3 level that indicated a very low level of influence on the use of traditional TB services relative to modern services in the study area. The paper concludes that socio-demographic factors variably influence the provision and use of TB services in the study area. It was recommended that more investment should be done to promote TB services based on age, sex, education and socio-factors inclusion in interventions to enhance best practices in TB services.
 
An Updates on Medical Mycology Big Data Analytics and Antifungal Therapies
No full textThe global burden of fungal diseases is increasing and pathogens are rapidly mutating, posing new threats to human health, particularly in immunocompromised cancer patients, COVID-19 patients, and HIV/AIDS patients. With the millions of clinical data points and increasing use of high-throughput screening of pathogen genomes, research based on medical big data analytics, data mining, and visualization analysis has gradually become challenge for new infectious disease prediction, diagnosis, and the development of antifungal therapy. To date, research has been reported on data analytics in the diagnosis and treatment of fungal allergic contact dermatitis most important. Our study indicates climate as a significant driver of various aspects of fungal infection, including the diversity of fungal communities and the global distribution of common pathogenic fungi, the findings indicated that medical bioinformatics tools and medical mycology big data analytics are useful for the rapid and reliable diagnosis of new fungal diseases. Also many advanced technology have been developed for the detection of new fungal species using rDNA, cutting-edge molecular diagnostic techniques like RT-PCR, DNA barcoding, biosensor technology, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, CRISPR technology, biosensing, and nanobiotechnology. Modern treatments, including antifungal pharmacotherapy, antifungal chemotherapy, systematic pharmacotherapy, herbal treatment therapy, and antihistamine therapy and the treatment of fungal allergic contact dermatitis have been developed and are very successful in treating human fungal disease.
 
The Role of Epigenetics in the Development of Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
No full textEpigenetic mechanisms control gene exertion and the development of an organism. It is the epigenetic imprints that instruct cells to respond reversibly to environmental factors and keep the specific gene stable in an organism’s lifetime. It has been established that the human epigenome includes DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA-mediated processes, and disturbance of this balance may beget several pathologies and contribute to the development of human obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This Review is aimed at recapitulating the functional roles played by epigenetic via DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA-mediated processes in relation to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Since this research field is still young, these comprehensive data have only supported part of epigenetics in disease or complaint development, and also epigenetic differences as a response to disease. The reversible nature of epigenetic variations holds promise for future therapeutic and remedial strategies in obesity and type 2 diabetes, hence, further studies on the subject matter is highly recommended.
 
Assessment of Common Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases Using Semi Markov Model
No full textBackground: In several ways, Semi-Markov Process (SMP) is similar towards Markov renewal process, but as in the SMP, a state is determined at all times, just not at the transition periods. As a result, the SMP is a stochastic process that develops over a period. Objective: The proposed Semi-Markov model with Exponentiated Power Lindley Distribution looked at Patients with diabetics and hypertension, Patients with stroke, and Patients with an abnormal heart rate, these changes are through one state to another. Methodology: Inside the Indian subcontinent, there have been no regular data collection methods for cardiac mortality and morbidity, and the numbers of deaths happens in the home, also with cause of death unclear. Exponentiated Power Lindley Distribution was used to characterize patients with Non-Communicable Disease. Results: For each subsequent state, the estimated parameters of the Semi-Markov model with this distribution predicted by maximum likelihood estimation revealed considerable irregularity. The conditional likelihood that the patients will not survive after the time is used to determine the threshold for each transition intensity. Conclusion: The risk for patients with a heart rate is the first to search for among the three non-communicable diseases, as the possibility of survival is limited. The data indicates that the established model is a good fit for many of the attributes seen in the data.
 
Testicular Zinc, Sperm Parameters and Redox Balance in Ethanol-Induced Reproductive Dysfunction Treated With D-Ribose-L-Cysteine
No full textThis study explores the impact of alcohol, a widely abused substance, on the reproductive system, particularly testicular function. The investigation introduces the question of whether concurrent administration of D-Ribose-L-Cysteine supplement (Cellgevity) can mitigate the detrimental effects of alcohol on the testes. The primary objectives involve assessing the influence of D-Ribose-L-Cysteine on testicular zinc levels, spermatogenesis, and redox balance. The experiment employed 20 Sprague Dawley rats, distributed into 4 groups, each consisting of 5 rats: a control group without ethanol or cellgevity, an Alcohol group subjected to ethanol induction only, a Cellgevity group receiving cellgevity only, and an Alcohol plus Cellgevity group exposed to ethanol while concurrently treated with cellgevity. The study duration was 14 days for each group. Results revealed noteworthy alterations in oxidative stress markers. The Alcohol group exhibited a statistical decrease in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), and an increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum zinc concentration. Conversely, the Alcohol plus Cellgevity group demonstrated a statistical increase in SOD, CAT, GSH, and a decrease in MDA and serum zinc concentration. The study also explored sperm parameters, indicating a statistical decrease in sperm motility and morphology in the Alcohol group compared to the Alcohol plus Cellgevity group. However, sperm concentration remained unaffected. In conclusion, ethanol administration adversely affects various aspects of male reproductive functions, including sperm motility, morphology, and testosterone levels, alongside disturbances in trace elements within the testes and increased oxidative stress. Notably, D-Ribose-L-Cysteine administration, as represented by Cellgevity, exhibited a beneficial effect on male reproductive functions. It mitigated oxidative stress, prevented a significant reduction in testicular zinc levels even after ethanol induction, and presented a potential avenue for safeguarding male reproductive health in the face of alcohol-induced stressors.
 
Role of Health Governance Committees in Promoting Free Public Services in Zanzibar: A Case Study of Rahaleo Health Centre
No full textThe paper examined the role of Health Centre Governance Committees in Promoting Free Public Services in Zanzibar using the case study of Rahaleo Health Centre in Zanzibar. The paper employed 30 participants including committee members, health administrators and providers. It used a case study research design with a qualitative approach to explore the breadth and experiences on the topic. Purposive and convenient sampling procedures were adopted to realise the results whereby interview was the primary method for gathering data. The findings revealed that there are four legal frequencies for health committee meetings. The health centre committee`s primary function is to advise the government about health matters, and health committee members are very aware of the roles of promoting free public service. The Committee has achieved many outcomes, including overcoming health challenges, policy preparation, and availability of free health services. It was concluded that the health committee of Rahaleo Health Center has four schedules of meetings to make various successful health matters’ decisions. The study recommended that the government should prepare enough budgets for the health sector to support free health services to the citizens.
 
Dental Prophylaxis versus Dental-Facial Aesthetics, Data about Patients` Approach to These Treatments
No full textIntroduction: In facial dental esthetics and services to achieve attractive beauty for the human eye, more monthly funds of individual spending are spent on these services than the dental services of treatment of pathologies or dental prophylaxis. The study aims to present the concrete individual approach to dental prophylaxis and oral care, compared to the individual approach, versus facial aesthetics and not only, oriented around the idea of what the patient is inclined to choose today, cost, advantages, disadvantages and the risks of achieving the "perfect smile". Materials and methods: The study presents the collection of data from the survey of 70 individuals on the monthly services, the cost, that they perform specifically for facial aesthetics and for dental treatments or prophylaxis. The study was conducted on the processing of data collected from the survey of the target age group 20-45 years, in the geographical area of the cities of Elbasan and Tirana, in Albania. Results: 98% of individuals surveyed were aware of the services offered by facial aesthetics against the figure of 80% of individuals who had information about dental hygiene. For personal care and facial aesthetics (whether this is a cost realized with products in home conditions or in aesthetic centers) from the collected data it can be shown that such services capture "scary" figures compared to the cost of dental services. Such services in the span of one month are equal to the cost of annual services that these people spend in a dental office. Conclusions: The importance of providing information and evaluating the periodic care that patients should show on oral hygiene and oral health should be as important as any other treatment, be it aesthetic. The results showed that the concept of dental prophylaxis and its application today has changed and faded, due to the fact that patients tend to care more about facial aesthetics and "neglect" care towards oral health.